CH. 22 Lecture (Immune System)

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MHC class I molecules are

glycoproteins synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______.

hapten

Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response.

haptens

Interferons

help protect healthy cells from a virus are types of cytokines are warning chemicals are secreted by virus infected cell

Human immunodeficiency virus attacks ____________________ in the body of an AIDS patient.

helper T-cells

The ability of a plasma cell to produce a different type of antibody, class switching, requires direct contact between the plasma cell and ______.

helper T-lymphocytes

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation

histamine

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called ______ immunity.

humoral

B lymphocytes take an active part in _________________ immunity.

humoral

Identify the gel-like substance located in the dermis of the skin that slows the movement of microbes.

hyaluronic acid

Pyrogens target the ______.

hypothalamus

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have

immune privilege

An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed

immunogenicity

Antibodies are ______.

immunoglobulins

Antibody titer is a measure of _____

immunologic memory

What causes redness and heat in an inflamed area?

increased blood flow

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to

increased blood flow and increased metabolic activity

The complement system ______ the inflammatory response.

increases

Identify the function of pyrogens.

induce fever

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of

inflammation

The inflammation response triggers all of the following except

inhibition of mucus

The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to

initiate and oversee the immune response.

Antimicrobial proteins are part of the ______ immune system.

innate

Nonspecific immunity is another name for _________ immunity

innate

Skin and mucous membranes provide what type of immunity?

innate immunity

The skin is an example of ______.

innate immunity

In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same regardless of the pathogen, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is specific to the particular pathogen present

innate; adaptive

A class of cytokines released from leukocytes is called _______, also referred to as IFN.

interferon

Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.

interferon

Examples of antimicrobial proteins of the innate immune system are ______.

interferons and complement

Activated helper T cells release which two of the following to stimulate other immune cells?

interleukins cytokines

Foreign antigen description

introduced from outside the body

Standing in the elevator, someone sneezes on you infecting you with a new rhinovirus. However, it then takes 3-6 days until you produce antibodies because of the ________ phase.

latent

During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries.

leave

IgM is ______ versatile than IgG in its biological functions.

less

Identify the benefits of fever.

-Promotion of interferon activity -Inhibition bacteria reproduction -Accelerated tissue repair

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

liver

Select all that are true regarding cytokines.

-their actions are similar to hormones -they regulate immune cells -they include interleukins

Where are alveolar macrophages found?

lungs

Identify the lymphatic tissues.

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

Natural killer cells are a type of ______.

lymphocyte

Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen?

lymphocyte recirculation

Correctly order the events of inflammation.

1. Release of chemicals 2. Vasodilation 3. Recruitment of immune cells 4. Delivery of plasma proteins

Order the phases of an acute hypersensitivity reaction.

1. sensitization phase 2. activation phase 3. effector phase

A booster shot for tetanus is recommended every ______ years.

10

A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F. Choose the minimum level it is considered significant.

100

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes.

100,000

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______.

109 degrees Fahrenheit

Fever is defined by having a body temperature of ______ or higher.

38 degrees Celsius

What is the half-life of IgA in the blood?

5.5 days

Inflammation decreases and tissue healing usually begins within ____ hours after injury.

72

Mucus, tears and saliva carry immunoglobulin (Ig) _______

A

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order.

APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule helper T cell binds APC helper T cell secretes IL-2 helper T cell proliferates

Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells and NK cells are:

lymphocytes

Vesicles with infectious agents that formed during phagocytosis merge with ______.

lysosomes

Identify the enzyme that attacks the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.

lysozyme

Identify the true statements regarding active immunity.

Active immunity may result from direct exposure to an antigen. Active immunity includes the development of memory cells

Histamines

Amine released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells; cause vasodilation

Which of the following is not an example of nonspecific (innate) immunity?

Antigens

Vaccines are administered to increase the number of memory ______ cells you have for a specific antigen.

B

Place the events of B cell activation in order ______.

B cell binds free antigen B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell Activated helper T cell releases IL-4 B cell proliferates

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following?

B cells cytotoxic T cells

Our salivary glands produce what antimicrobial enzyme?

lysozyme

Identify the antimicrobial substances released by the skin and mucous membranes.

lysozyme immunoglobulin A sebum

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries.

margination

Identify the cells that produce histamine and heparin.

mast cells basophils

Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______.

CD4 cells

The first signal during helper T-lymphocyte activation involves

CD4 of the helper T-cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen-presenting cell

Which of the following components are required for the process of class switching to occur?

CD40 surface protein CD154 protein cytokines

During the inflammatory response ______ degranulate and release ________.

mast cells; histamine

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______.

memory B-lymphocytes

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and antibody-mediated immunity?

Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while antibody-mediated immunity releases antibodies to do so

CD8 cells are also called ______.

Cytotoxic T cells

Which of the following terms describes the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels?

Diapedesis

During tapeworm parasitic infections, which type of cell is the most effective?

Eosinophils

Fungi are composed of ______ cells.

Eukaryotic

All IgM antibodies have what region in common?

Fc

Which antibody region is responsible for stimulating NK cells?

Fc

Which region of an antibody helps activate complement?

Fc

Select all that are nonspecific internal defenses.

Granulocytes such as neutrophils Complement Fever

Leukotrienes

Group of lipids: cause smooth muscle contraction

Prostaglandins

Group of lipids: cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

HIV blood tests look for the presence of ______ _______ in the blood.

HIV, antibodies

The second signal during B-lymphocyte activation involves stimulation from

IL-4 released by helper T-lymphocytes

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk.

IgA

What are the five main classes of immunoglobulins found in humans?

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Which type of antibody functions as an antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor?

IgD

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is produced during an allergic reaction and has a half-life in the blood of 2 days.

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulins that are usually formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

IgE

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that has a half-life in the blood of 23 days.

IgG

Identify the most predominant antibody in the blood and lymph.

IgG

What class of antibody is produced in a much higher concentration during a secondary response?

IgG

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is most effective at causing agglutination of cells and binding complement.

IgM

Identify the class of immunoglobulin that is usually a pentamer found mostly in blood.

IgM

Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense?

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.

What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete?

It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.

Chemical mediator

Kill microorganisms, promote inflammation

Surface chemicals

Lysozymes; prevent microbial growth or kill microorganisms

Antigen presentation requires the physical attachment of antigen to a specialized "antigen holder" called__________

MHC

Self-antigen description

Molecules produced by the body

Identify the leukocyte that secretes cytotoxic chemicals (i.e. perforin).

Natural killer cells

Which type of cell attacks a variety of unwanted or cancer cells and causes those cells to undergo apoptosis (cell death)?

Natural killer cells

Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response?

Neutrophils

Kinins

Polypeptides derived from plasma proteins; cause vasodilation

Physical barrier

Prevent microorganisms from entering the body

Bacteria are made of ______ cells.

Prokaryotic

Interferons

Proteins produced by cells; interfere with virus production

Because they come in direct contact with infected cells, the effector response of ____________ is referred to as cell-mediated immunity.

T-lymphocytes

Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte.

TCR

Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule.

TCR

An immune cell is observed to present antigen to naive helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Using this information, select all that apply.

The cell is an antigen-presenting cell The cell may be a macrophage The cell may be a dendritic cell The cell may be a B-lymphocyte

Which part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

The variable region

Helper T-cells contain ______.

a CD4 protein

After leaving the thymus, helper T-cells contain

a CD4 protein (but no CD8)

Antigens are usually ______.

a protein or large polysaccharide

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______.

a secondary lymphatic structure

Vaccines provide a type of adaptive immunity called artificially acquired _______ immunity

active

Which type of hypersensitivity occurs within seconds following exposure to the antigen?

acute

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is involved in ______

acute hypersensitivities

Acquired immunity is also called ______ immunity.

adaptive

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are part of ______ immunity.

adaptive

A delayed response (also known as the 3rd line of defense) to a specific antigen is produced by:

adaptive immunity

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

adaptive immunity

If the wrong blood type is given to a patient, their red blood cells clump up because antibodies cross-link them in a process known as

agglutination

The complement system is usually activated in one of two ways. The ______ pathway occurs when a bacteria or fungus binds directly to the complement protein.

alternative

A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______.

an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC

The memory response of the immune system is also called the ______ response.

anamnestic

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response

anamnestic

The secondary response of immunologic memory is often called the memory response or ______ response.

anamnestic

A Y-shaped immunoglobulin molecule is made of four polypeptide chains and referred to as a(n) ____________ monomer.

antibody

What is the circulating concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen called?

antibody titer

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

antigens

Protein substances that stimulate adaptive immunity cells are called:

antigens

Helper T-lymphocytes interact with APCs by recognizing

antigen−MHC protein complexes

Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes onto infected cells, inducing cell death by ______.

apoptosis

After getting vaccination, the body develops immunity for that particular pathogen. This type of immunity is:

artificially acquired active

Receiving injections of antibodies following a snake bite is an example of ______.

artificially acquired passive immunity

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens ___________ disorders occur.

autoimmune

Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens.

autoimmune disorders

Identify the type of infectious agent that is a prokaryote cell.

bacteria

Basophils and mast cells are both proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells. Which of these two cells circulates in the blood?.

basophils

Because memory B cells do not last forever, you need to get a(n) ______ shot for tetanus every ten years.

booster

Most vaccines do not trigger a ______-mediated response.

cell

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes attack

cells that display foreign proteins on their surface

T-lymphocytes are a part of ______ immunity.

cellular

Identify the waxy secretion secreted by the external auditory meatus that may trap microbes.

cerumen

Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells.

chemotaxis

Hair-like extensions of plasma membranes that in the respiratory system, function to sweep mucus upward so that it can be expectorated or swallowed is

cilia

The antibody titer is a measure of the concentration of a specific antibody in the ______.

circulating blood

If a nucleated body cell gets infected by a virus, it's MHC class ____ will display the foreign antigen and will be recognized only by ___________ cells carrying CD _______.

class I, cytotoxic T, 8

The process of changing the antibody produced by a cell is called

class switching

Identify the type of complement activation that requires the presence of antibodies.

classical pathway

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity.

complexity size

The stem of an antibody contains which of the following regions?

constant

IgE molecules attach to mast cells and basophils with their

constant region

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by prions. It is also called mad _____________ disease.

cow

Along with direct contact between the plasma cell and a helper T-lymphocyte, a specific type of __________ released from the helper T-lymphocyte is necessary for class switching.

cytokine

Small proteins called ________ serve as a means of communication between immune system cells

cytokines

Various complement proteins kill target cells through the creation of a protein channel that allows fluid to enter the cell. Identify the name of this process.

cytolysis

MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

MHC class I molecules on a cell allow it to interact with:

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Identify the last event of a fever.

defervescence

Identify the antigen-presenting cells.

dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

cytotoxic T cell

destroys infected cells via apoptosis

The primary goal of the immune response is

destruction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection.

diapedesis

What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed?

digests the microbe into peptide fragments

Hives, allergic asthma, and allergic rhinitis may occur during the ______ phase of acute hypersensitivity.

effector

The various ways that activated lymphocytes combat an antigen are collectively referred to as the ______ response.

effector

From which structure are leukotrienes made?

eicosanoids

Phagocytic cells ______.

engulf unwanted infectious agents

A patient has a parasitic infection. Upon examination of a blood sample under the microscope, an abundance of granuloctyes are present. These are likely

eosinophils

Identify the immune system cells that are associated with allergies and asthma.

eosinophils

Which type of white blood cell targets multicellular parasites?

eosinophils

Dendritic cells are found in _____ tissues.

epithelial

A process involving proteins that are engulfed from outside a cell is called an ______ pathway.

exogenous

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______.

exudate

A plasma cell is a mature helper T-lymphocyte that produces antibodies

false

B-lymphocytes are activated by presented antigen, initiating the B-lymphocyte effector response. This is an example of cell-mediated immunity.

false

Most bacterial species are pathogenic.

false

Viruses are cells.

false

Pyrexia is the presence of ______.

fever

A B cell is first stimulated by ______.

free antigen

Plasma cells typically produce antibodies ______.

from the lymph nodes

Mycoses are ______ diseases.

fungal

The five major categories of infectious agents include bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasites, viruses, and

fungi

Which categories of infectious agents are eukaryotic cells?

fungi protozoans multicellular parasites

MHC class I molecules are ______.

glycoproteins

Identify the type of cell that becomes an epidermal dendritic cell.

monocyte

IgG usually exists as a ______.

monomer

Tapeworms are an example of ______.

multicellular parasites

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to its specific foreign antigen are called ____ T-lymphocytes.

naive

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes.

naive

Identify the immune cell that is part of innate immunity.

natural killer cell

Being exposed to the cold virus and subsequently getting the cold results in ______

naturally acquired active immunity

Mother's milk provides _______________________ immunity to the baby.

naturally acquired passive

Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______.

negative selection

An antibody covers the region of a virus used to bind to a host cell. This is an example of ______.

neutralization

When antibodies completely cover the surface of a virus so it can no longer infect a cell, it is said to be ______.

neutralized

Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood?

neutrophils

Natural killer cells provide ______ immunity.

nonspecific

Inflammation is a(n)

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation?

numbness

The second time you are exposed to the identical antigen, you produce more antibodies more quickly because ______.

of the presence of memory B cells

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen

on the surface of a cell so that a T-lymphocyte can be exposed to it

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an

opsonin

The process of antibodies coating a bacterium, making it easier for macrophages to engulf it, is called ______.

opsonization

The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells.

outside

Viruses must enter a cell to reproduce. They are called obligate intracellular

parasites

Immunity obtained from another individual is called ________ immunity.

passive

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing

perforin and granzymes

Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or infected cells using ______.

perforins and granzymes

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into _______ cells that produce antibodies.

plasma

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called _______ cells

plasma

Antibodies are produced by activated B cells called ________ cells.

plasma

Which is not an example of an antigen?

plasma

Activated B lymphocytes differentiate into

plasma cells

Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______.

plasma membrane

"Complement" refers to a group of

plasma proteins

Foreign antigen example

pollen

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______.

positive selection

When antibodies clump together viral particles,they become insoluble, or ______.

precipitated

The first time you are exposed to a particular strain of flu virus, your production of antibodies is called the ______ response.

primary

Identify the small fragments of infectious proteins that cause disease in nervous tissue.

prions

plasma cell

produces antibodies

A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______.

protein channel

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

proteins

Cytokines are ______.

proteins

The complement system is made of 30 different ______.

proteins

In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.

proteins; chemical messengers

Malaria is an example of a disease caused by ______.

protozoans

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte

recirculation

T-lymphocytes originate in ______ bone marrow

red

Identify the location of leukocyte formation.

red bone marrow

Identify the first event of inflammation.

release chemicals

helper T cell

releases interleukins and cytokines to stimulate other cells

Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Identify the skin secretion that contains lactic acid and fatty acids.

sebaceous gland secretions

Activation of lymphocytes occurs in

secondary lymphoid structures

After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to

secondary lymphoid structures

Typically, a lymphocyte will encounter its first exposure to a foreign antigen in the

secondary lymphoid structures.

High fevers can cause ______.

seizures denaturation of proteins death irreversible brain damage

T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______.

self-tolerance

The second time you are exposed to the same antigen, the lag phase will be ______ and you will produce ______ antibodies

shorter; more

Where are epidermal dendritic cells located?

skin

Viruses are ______ than bacterial cells.

smaller

Antibodies target ______ antigens.

specific

The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called

specific immunity

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken?

spleen

Identify the type of hypersensitivity that occurs within 1 to 3 hours of exposure.

subacute hypersensitivities

Dendritic cells are found in ______.

the skin

The first line of defense of innate immunity includes ______.

the skin

Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child's immunity is acquired:

through the placenta or through breastmilk it is passive immunity

T-lymphocytes mature in the

thymus

Antibody ______ in blood serum is one measure of immunologic memory

titer

The concentration of antibodies against a specific antigen in the blood is known as the antibody

titer

A helper T-lymphocyte must become activated before it can stimulate a B-lymphocyte to produce antibody.

true

Acid is produced by the digestive and reproductive systems, aiding the immune system.

true

Active and passive immunity both can be acquired naturally or artificially.

true

Active immunity results from direct encounter with a pathogen.

true

After complement activation, basophils may degranulate releasing chemicals that causes vasodilation.

true

Due to their particular constant region, an antibody is classified into one of the major structural classes.

true

Eosinophils and lymphocytes are both types of leukocytes

true

Interferon may induce the degradation of viral RNA or DNA and inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins.

true

Interferons are made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses.

true

Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.

true

Nonpathogenic microorganisms reside on the skin of healthy individuals.

true

The classical pathway of complement activation requires antigen-antibody interactions.

true

An antibody monomer is made of ______.

two heavy chains and two light chains

When you get a flu shot, you are receiving a(n) _________ , an injection of weakened flu virus or virus particles.

vaccine

The region of the antibody that binds to the antigen is the ___________ region

variable

What is the region of an antibody that makes it antigen-specific?

variable region

Which occurs during inflammation?

vasodilation

Identify the name for the hairs in the nose that trap microbes.

vibrissae

When interferon attaches to a cell,

virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate.

Identify the type of microbe that interferon targets.

viruses

HIV is identified as AIDS when which of the following occurs?

when the patient develops an opportunistic infection


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