Ch 22 The Lymphatic System
Cells that help regulate the immune response are _______ cells.
A) helper T
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the
b) immune response
The binding of an antibody to an antigen can result in A) neutralization of the antigen. B) inflammation. C) agglutination or precipitation. D) complement activation and opsonization. E) All of the answers are correct.
b) inflammation
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that
b) it is delayed by the memory cell stage
Various types of macrophages are derived from
b) monocytes
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the
b) right breast
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in
b) the adult spleen
Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that a) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes b) the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes c) lymph is not flowing through these lymph nodes d) the lymph node has increased its secretion of thymosin e) the lymph node is actively producing phagocytes
b) the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? a) lymph flows past dendritic cells b) the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum c) the efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum d) lymph first enters the subcapsular space e) lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic
b) the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
The merging of _____ forms the right lymphatic duct
b) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
b) white pulp
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are A) IgG. B) IgE. C) IgA. D) IgD. E) IgM.
c) IgA
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are A) IgG. B) IgE. C) IgD. D) IgM. E) IgA.
c) IgD
________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen. A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgD E) IgE
c) IgM
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of
c) T cells
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ______ cells.
c) cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MCH molecule, it can stimulate a _____ cell. a) plasma b) NK c) cytotoxic T d) helper T e) B
c) cytotoxic T
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
c) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats
Plasma contains ____ special complement proteins that form the complement system. a) 7 b) 3 c) 5 d) 11 e) 9
d) 11
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. The correct sequence for these steps is a) 4, 1, 5, 3, 6, 2. b) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6. c) 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2. d) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6. e) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5, 6.
d) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the _____ cells. a) helper T b) NK c) cytotoxic T d) B e) suppressor T
d) B
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ______ cells.
d) NK
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
B) tears
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to A) display antigen fragments. B) activate T cells. C) process antigens. D) bind antigens to glycoproteins. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) all of the answers are correct
The medullary chords of a lymph node contain _______ lymphocytes and plasma cells a) cytotoxic T b) B c) NK d) medullary e) cordal
b) B
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are.
b) IgG
During a primary immune response, the
b) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
b) adaptive immunity
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
b) bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
b) blood vessels
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for the following changes that occur during inflammation, except
b) chemotaxis of phagocytes
Which of these is not a property of an IgG heavy chain?
d) binds antigen at both ends
Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true? a) fall into two major classes b) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells c) are found on all nucleated cells d) bind complement e) function in antigen presentation
d) blind complement
Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? a) T lymphocytes b) B lymphocytes c) red blood cells d) free and fixed macrophages e) neutrophils
d) free and fixed macrophages
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the _____ of the lymphatic nodule.
d) germinal center
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only A) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. B) when NK cells are activated. C) during infections. D) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. E) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited.
d) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called _____ immunity. a) innate b) active c) passive d) naturally acquired passive e) auto
d) naturally acquired passive
Characteristics of adaptive defenses include a) tolerance b) versatility c) memory d) specificity e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include a) mucus b) epithelia c) sebacious glands d) epidermal layers e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
Inflammation produces localized a) heat b) swelling c) redness d) pain e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
Innate defenses include a) inflammation b) physical barriers c) interferons d) phagocytic cells e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
Lymphatic capillaries are known for a) having larger diameter and looser walls than blood capillaries b) being the smallest lymphatic vessels c) shingle-like endothelial cells d) being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs? a) lymph nodes b) spleen c) tonsils d) thymus e) all of the answers are correct
e) all of the answers are correct
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to a) a plasma protein b) the plasma membrane of bacteria c) the cell wall of bacteria d) a cell surface antigen e) an antibody attached to an antigen
e) an antibody attached to an antigen
The body's innate defenses include all of the following, except
e) antibodies
Compared to blood capillaries, capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they
e) are smaller in diameter
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the a) liver b) thymus c) spleen d) kidneys e) bone marrow
e) bone marrow
Microphages include a) monocytes b) neutrophils c) Kupffer cells e) eosinophils e) both neutrophils and eosinophils
e) both neutrophils and eosinophils
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) NK B) suppressor T C) cytotoxic T D) plasma E) helper T
e) helper T
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except a) opsonization b) chemotaxis c) stimulation of inflammation d) destruction of target cell plasma membranes e) inhibition of the immune response
e) inhibition of the immune response
Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of
e) lymphocytes
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except
e) natriueritic factor
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called _____ immunity.
e) naturally acquired active
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
e) passive immunization
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
e) red marrow
Interleukins do all of the following, except a) stimulate inflammation. b) stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production. c) elevate body temperature. d) increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. e) stimulate collagen synthesis.
e) stimulate collagen synthesis
The lymphatic system does all of the following, except
e) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are A) IgM. B) IgA. C) IgE. D) IgD. E) IgG.
A) IgM
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except
B) complement
An inflammatory response is triggered when
B) mast cells release histamine and heparin
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _____ cells
C) cytotoxic T
Lymphocytes
D) respond to antigens
In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person
E) was recently infected with mumps
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
a) 99 F
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the
a) CNS
All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it
a) activates B cells
In passive immunization, the a) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal b) immune system attacks normal body cells c) body receives antibodies produced by an animal d) body receives antibodies produced by other humans e) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen
a) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
a) heavy-chain constant segments
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ______ immunity.
a) innate
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John a) is running a fever b) has swollen lymph nodes c) is producing T lymphocytes d) is feeling achy e) has a sore throat
a) is running a fever
Class II MCH molecules are found only on which of the following? a) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells b) red blood cells c) granulocytes and microphages d) all body cells with a nucleus e) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen
a) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
Helper T cells do all of the following, except
a) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
a) the venae cavae
______ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
a) tonsils
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it
a) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many protein chains would be set free? a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) dozens e) 8
b) 4
Lymph nodes range in diameter from a) 1 inch to 2 inches b) 1 mm to 25 mm c) 1 nm to 10 nm d) 1 cm to 25 cm e) i cm to 1 inch
b) 1 mm to 25 mm
T cells and B cells can be activated only by A) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. B) disease-causing agents. C) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. D) pathogens. E) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.
c) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
c) helper T cells
Suppressor T cells act to a) suppress antigens b) limit antigen proliferation c) inhibit T and B cell activities d) erase memory T cells e) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity
c) inhibit T and B cell activities
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
c) lymphocytes
______ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. a) Lymph glands b) adenoids c) peyer patches d) immune complexes e) tonsils
c) peyer patches
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
c) phagocytes
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ______ cells. a) NK b) thymus c) plasma d) helper T e) liver
c) plasma
Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they a) produce antibodies b) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph d) monitor the contents of the lymph e) accumulate cancer cells
c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph
Lymphocyte production involves a) peripheral lymphatic tissues b) thymus tissue c) stem cells d) bone marrow e) all of the answers are correct
c) stem cells
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except
c) the brain
In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by A) the variable segment of the light chain. B) the constant segment of the heavy chain. C) the variable segments of both the light and heavy chains. D) the variable segment of the heavy chain. E) the ionized segment of the light chain and the isotropic segment of the heavy chain.
c) the variable segments of both the light and heavy chains
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? a) they occur throughout the body except in the head b) they are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax c) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not d) they cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can e) they contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not
c) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
c) thoracic duct
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the a) kidneys b) bone marrow c) thymus d) liver e) spleen
c) thymus
During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except a) B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. b) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. c) B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. e) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.
d) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would a) activate antibodies b) opsonize pathogens c) cause inflammation d) produce a feber e) activate complement
d) produce a fever
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons? a) secrete organic solvent
d) secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
In general, lymphocytes
d) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue
T is to ____ as B is to _____, a) trabeculae; bursa b) top; bottom c) non-thymus-dependent; bottom d) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived e) thyroid; bowel
d) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants. A) as many as a 1000 B) 1 C) 4 D) up to 8 E) 2
e) 2
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgM. B) IgA. C) IgD. D) IgG. E) IgE.
e) IgE
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ______ cell. a) B b) plasma c) nodule d) NK e) T
e) T
The term lymphadenopathy refers to a) a congenital lack of lymph nodes b) increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes c) accumulations of lymph in the tissue space d) the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation e) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
e) a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
