Ch 23

The illusion associated with landing on a narrower than usual runway may result in the pilot flying a A.lower approach with the risk of striking objects along the approach path or landing short. B.higher approach with the risk of leveling out high and landing hard or overshooting the runway. C.slower approach with the risk of reducing airspeed below VSO or landing hard.

Answer A is correct.A narrower-than-usual runway can create an illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is, which could result in striking objects along the flight path or landing short.

A pilot making a blood donation in order to help a sick associate should be aware that for several weeks A.sufficient oxygen may not reach the cells in the body. B.the ability of the body tissues to effectively use oxygen is decreased. C.fewer oxygen molecules will be available to the respiratory membranes.

Answer A is correct.Blood donations can cause hypemic hypoxia because not enough blood is available to carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells.

When a stressful situation is encountered in flight, an abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed in and out can cause a condition known as A.hyperventilation. B.aerotitis. C.aerosinusitis.

Answer A is correct.Hyperventilation occurs when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide is passed out of the body and too much oxygen is retained. This occurs when breathing rapidly and especially when using oxygen.

Which statement best defines hypoxia? A.A state of oxygen deficiency in the body. B.An abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed. C.A condition of gas bubble formation around the joints or muscles.

Answer A is correct.Hypoxia is oxygen deficiency in the bloodstream and may cause lack of clear thinking, fatigue, euphoria and, shortly thereafter, unconsciousness.

Pilots are more subject to spatial disorientation if A.body signals are used to interpret flight attitude. B.eyes are moved often in the process of cross-checking the flight instruments. C.they ignore the sensations of muscles and inner ear.

Answer A is correct.Spatial disorientation is a state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs. Thus, the pilot should ignore sensations of muscles and the inner ear and kinesthetic senses (those that sense motion).

If a pilot experiences spatial disorientation during flight in a restricted visibility condition, the best way to overcome the effect is to A.rely upon the aircraft instrument indications. B.concentrate on yaw, pitch, and roll sensations. C.consciously slow the breathing rate until symptoms clear and then resume normal breathing rate.

Answer A is correct.The best way to overcome the effects of spatial disorientation is to rely entirely on the aircraft's instrument indications and not upon body sensations. Sight of the horizon also overrides inner ear sensations. Thus, in areas of poor visibility, especially, such bodily signals should be ignored.

Which is not a type of hypoxia? A.Hypertoxic. B.Histotoxic. C.Hypoxic.

Answer A is correct.There is no such thing as hypertoxic hypoxia. The four types of hypoxia are histotoxic, hypoxic, hypemic, and stagnant hypoxia.

The danger of spatial disorientation during flight in poor visual conditions may be reduced by A.having faith in the instruments rather than taking a chance on the sensory organs. C.leaning the body in the opposite direction of the motion of the aircraft.

Answer A is correct.Various complex motions and forces and certain visual scenes encountered in flight can create illusions of motion and position. Spatial disorientation from these illusions can be prevented only by visual reference to reliable fixed points on the ground and horizon or to flight instruments. B.shifting the eyes quickly between the exterior visual field and the instrument panel.

A state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs is defined as A.hyperventilation. B.spatial disorientation. C.hypoxia.

Answer B is correct.A state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs is defined as vertigo (spatial disorientation). Put simply, the pilot cannot determine his or her relationship to the earth's horizon.

A pilot experiencing the effects of hyperventilation should be able to restore the proper carbon dioxide level in the body by A.breathing spontaneously and deeply or gaining mental control of the situation. B.slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag, or talking aloud. C.increasing the breathing rate in order to increase lung ventilation.

Answer B is correct.A stressful situation can often lead to hyperventilation, which results from an increased rate and depth of respiration that leads to an abnormally low amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream. By slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a paper bag, or talking aloud, a pilot can overcome the effects of hyperventilation and return the carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream to normal.

What effect does haze have on the ability to see traffic or terrain features during flight? A.Haze causes the eyes to focus at infinity. B.All traffic or terrain features appear to be farther away than their actual distance.

Answer B is correct.Atmospheric haze can create the illusion of being at a greater distance and height from traffic or terrain than you actually are. The pilot who does not recognize this illusion will fly a lower approach. C.The eyes tend to overwork in haze and do not detect relative movement easily.

Susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning increases as A.altitude decreases. B.altitude increases. C.air pressure increases.

Answer B is correct.Carbon monoxide poisoning results in an oxygen deficiency. Since there is less oxygen available at higher altitudes, carbon monoxide poisoning can occur with lesser amounts of carbon monoxide as altitude increases.

Which technique should a pilot use to scan for traffic to the right and left during straight-and-level flight? A.Concentrate on relative movement detected in the peripheral vision area. B.Systematically focus on different segments of the sky for short intervals. C.Continuous sweeping of the windshield from right to left.

Answer B is correct.Due to the fact that eyes can focus only on a narrow viewing area, effective scanning is accomplished with a series of short, regularly spaced eye movements that bring successive areas of the sky into the central vision field.

Which is a common symptom of hyperventilation? A.Visual acuity. B.Tingling sensations. C.Decreased breathing rate.

Answer B is correct.Hyperventilation results from an abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed in and out of the lungs. It can occur subconsciously when a stressful situation is encountered. The result is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide removed from the body. The symptoms are lightheadedness, suffocation, drowsiness, tingling of the extremities, and coolness.

The best method to use when looking for other traffic at night is to A.scan the visual field very rapidly. B.look to the side of the object and scan slowly. C.look to the side of the object and scan rapidly.

Answer B is correct.Physiologically, the eyes are most effective at seeing objects off-center at night. Accordingly, pilots should scan slowly to permit off-center viewing.

What preparation should a pilot make to adapt the eyes for night flying? A.Avoid red lights at least 30 minutes before the flight. B.Avoid bright white lights at least 30 minutes before the flight. C.Wear sunglasses after sunset until ready for flight.

Answer B is correct.Prepare for night flying by letting your eyes adapt to darkness, including avoiding bright white light for at least 30 minutes prior to night flight.

A lack of orientation with regard to the position, attitude, or movement of the aircraft in space is defined as A.hyperventilation. B.spatial disorientation. C.hypoxia.

Answer B is correct.Spatial disorientation is a state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs. Thus, the pilot should ignore sensations of muscles and the inner ear and kinesthetic senses (those that sense motion), especially during flight in IMC when outside visual cues are taken away.

What is a correct response if an exhaust leak were to be detected while in flight? A.Increase altitude so the effects of CO would be decreased. B.Open air vents or windows. C.Take deep breaths so as to inhale more oxygen.

Answer B is correct.Taking corrective steps such as turning off the heater, opening air vents or windows, and using supplemental oxygen are the correct responses if a pilot smells gas fumes or otherwise detects increased amounts of CO.

Which of the following is a correct response to counteract the feelings of hypoxia in flight? A.Increase cabin air flow. B.Promptly descend to a lower altitude.

Answer B is correct.The correct response to counteract feelings of hypoxia is to descend to a lower altitude or use supplemental oxygen, if the aircraft is so equipped. C.Avoid sudden inhalations.

A pilot should be able to overcome the symptoms or avoid future occurrences of hyperventilation by A.closely monitoring the flight instruments to control the airplane. B.slowing the breathing rate, breathing into a bag, or talking aloud.

Answer B is correct.To recover from hyperventilation, the pilot should slow the breathing rate, breathe into a bag, or talk aloud. C.increasing the breathing rate in order to increase lung ventilation.

Large accumulations of carbon monoxide in the human body result in A.tightness across the forehead. B.an increased sense of well-being. C.loss of muscular power.

Answer C is correct.Carbon monoxide reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Large accumulations result in loss of muscular power.

Effects of carbon monoxide poisoning include A.sweating, increased breathing, and paleness. B.motion sickness, tightness across the forehead, and drowsiness. C.dizziness, blurred vision, and loss of muscle power.

Answer C is correct.Effects of CO poisoning include headache, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, and loss of muscle control.

Rapid or extra deep breathing while using oxygen can cause a condition known as A.aerotitis. B.aerosinusitis. C.hyperventilation.

Answer C is correct.Hyperventilation occurs when an excessive amount of carbon dioxide is passed out of the body and too much oxygen is retained. This occurs when breathing rapidly and especially when using oxygen.

Which would most likely result in hyperventilation? A.An extremely slow rate of breathing and insufficient oxygen. B.The excessive consumption of alcohol. C.Emotional tension, anxiety, or fear.

Answer C is correct.Hyperventilation usually occurs when one becomes excited or undergoes stress, which results in an increase in one's rate of breathing.

What is the most effective way to use the eyes during night flight? A.Look only at far away, dim lights. B.Concentrate directly on each object for a few seconds. C.Scan slowly to permit off-center viewing.

Answer C is correct.Physiologically, the eyes are most effective at seeing objects off-center at night. Accordingly, pilots should scan slowly to permit off-center viewing.

Pilots are more subject to spatial disorientation if A.they ignore the sensations of muscles and inner ear. B.eyes are moved often in the process of cross-checking the flight instruments. C.visual cues are taken away, as they are in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).

Answer C is correct.Spatial disorientation is a state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs. Thus, the pilot should ignore sensations of muscles and the inner ear and kinesthetic senses (those that sense motion), especially during flight in IMC when outside visual cues are taken away.