Ch. 26 and 27 study guide, Imperialism, WWI and Russian Rev

Chinese view of british / Europeans

traditional chinese civilazation = self sufficient and had sent more than received to euro for centuries -Euro + english liked chinese tea but had to pay for it w/ hard silver ever since china was uninterested in euro wares -trade w/ euro carefully regulated by chinese imperial gov. the Quing ( or Manchu Dynasty ) - more interested in isolating + controlling " sea barbarions" then pursing commercial exchange -imperial gove refused to establish diplomatic relations w/ " inferior Euro states

Fashoda incident

up nile found small french force already occupied village of Fashoda = serious diplomatic crisis + threat of even war -eventually wracked by Dreyus affair + unwilling to fight France backed down + with drew its forces -Europeans always annialated native ppl but stopped short of fighting each other

impact of propaganda

worked -promoted nationalism + made ppl excieted for war -patriotism + nationalism + vilifing the enemy -was at first effective but less so towards the end

Major difference between Marx + lenin's views

- Lenin had the original idea that under certain conditions a socialist revolution was possible even in a relatively backward country like Russia -lenin believed that @ a given moment revolution was determined more by human leadership than by vast historical laws -Lenin believed in the necessity of a highly disciplined worker's party strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full time revolutionary like lenin himself

Imperialism in asia

-1815 Dutch ruled little more than the island of Java in the east indies and gradually brought almost all of the 3000 mi archipelago under their political autonomy though they had to share some of the spoils w. Britain + Germany 1880s - French ( under Ferry Leadership ) took Indochina , and india Japan + china also experienced profound imperialist impact -Russia + usa also acquired rich territories in asia -russia conquered muslim areas south in the caucasus + in on central asia + some of china's outleng provinces in far east -us got philipeens after Spanish american war in 1898 - the philipines revolted after realizing US wouldn't grant independence -were suppressed only after long bitter fighting

"total war" impact on civilians econ, gov, women

-1914 most ppl greeted the outbreak of hostilities enthusiastically -masses believed their nation was in right + defending themselves from aggression w/ exception of few extreme left wing even socialist supported the war -in each country a gov of national unity began to plan + control econ + social life to wage total war -free market capitalism = abandoned, instead gov. planning boards established what would be the priority produced -strenghtened the cause of socialism -rationing price + wage controls + even the restrictions on workers freedom of movement were imposed by gove to make countries greatest possible military effort -econ of total war blurred distinction of soldiers on battle field + civilians @ home - Walter Rathenau ( jewish industrialists ) convinced german gov to set up war raw materials hard to ration + distribute raw materials, he launched successful attempts to produce substitutes such as synthetic rubber + synthetic nitrates needed to make explosives + essentially to blockaded german war machine -food rationed in accordance w/ physical need -germany failed to tax the war profits of private firms heavily enough -after terrible battles of verdun + somme in 1916 chancellor Bethmann -hollweg driven out of office in 1917 by military leaders Hindenburg + ludendorff ( who became the real rulers of germany and decreed the ultimate mobilization for total war -Germany military leaders rammed through the reichstag, the auxilary service law which required all men 17-60 to work only @ gobs crucial for war effort and was also aimed at women + kids though not specifically -germany total war effort led to establishment of history's 1st " totalitarian" society, war production increased while ppl starved to death -great britian mobilized for total war less rapidly b/c it could import materials from its empire+ us -by 1915 serious shortage of shells = establishment of the ministry of munitions under David Lloyd george which organized private industry to produce for war and controlled profits, allocated labor and fixed wage rates + settled labor disputes -conscription = mandatory military service -war propeganda -freedom of speech + press were curtailed in name of national security -large-scale filling of jobs in labor force by women -greater power + prestige for labor unions

balkan region/ powder keg/ nationalism

-20th century war in balkans =inevitable b/c nationalism in ottoman empire + nationalism threatening to break up austro -hungry -1875 -wide spread nationalistic rebellion in ottoman empire = turkish repression, Russian intervention + great powers tension -bismark helped resolve in 1878 @ congress of berlin which worked out partial divisions of turkish possessions in euro, austria hungry gets bosnia + herzegovina , and serbia _ romania = independent -part of bulgaria = local autonomy , and ottoman empire retained important holdings -1903 -balkan nationalism rose -serbia =hostile to austria -hungry + ottoman empire -sebs (slavic ppl) ( serbians live in austria-hungria ) looked to slavic russia for support in their nationalistic aspirations -austria in 1908 formally anexed Bosnia + herzegovina w/ their large serbian + croatian + muslim population to block serbian expansion + take advantage of Russia's weakness after the rev of 1905 -serbia

armenian genocide

-Armenian Genocide -Armenian is in caucouses region in between Russia and Turckey -Armenians = slavic -living in ottoman turky- -ottoman turks go on rampage to kill them -entry of ottoman turks = war carried into Mid east and there is heavy fighting between Russians + Ottomans = battle lines seesawing back and forth and enveloping the armenians who lived on both sides of the border+ experienced brutal repression by turks in 1909 -1915 some Armanians welcomed Russian armies as liberators and the ottoman gov ordered genocidal mass deportation of its armanien citizens from their home land

British take over of sudan

-British began enlarging their West African enclaves, impatiently pushed Northward from Cape colony + west ward from Zomzibar -thrust southward from eygpt blocked in sudan by independent muslims who massacred british force khartourn in 1885 -General Horatio H. Mitchener moved cautiously up nile, building railroad to supply arms + reinforcements as it went -1898 met foe @ Ondurman, where muslim tribe men armed w/ spear guns charged time + time again to be cut down w/ new machine guns -11 thousand muslim tribesmen died -28 britons killed -up nile found small french force already occupied village of Fashoda = serious diplomatic crisis + threat of even war -eventually wracked by Dreyus affair + unwilling to fight France backed down + with drew its forces -Europeans always annialated native ppl but stopped short of fighting each other

Examples of resistance by natives/ areas in Africa

-ETHIOPIA -italy tried to take it but king Menelik II of Ethiopia wins -BOERS in SOUTH AFRICA -fought hard but lost -CHINA w/ OPIUM WARS -EYGPT -muhamed alli ( a turkish general / governor general ) was appointed governor of egypt by Turkish sultan and he built his own state by strenghthening the army -encouraged development of cash crop agriculture -reformed, Westernized modernized which attracted Europeans -Established a strong virtually independent Eygptian state -eventually was lost when his son khedive Ismail went to into debt

new industrial weapons / tech used in WW1

-French Renault tank -British tank at Ypres -Krupp's " Big Bertha" gun -U-boats -The airplane -The Zeppelin ( filled with Hydrogen, which is incredibly flammable ) -Posin gas -Machine gun -flame throwers

Leopold II / Belguim congo

-Leopold II of Belguim by 1876 focused on central africa -formed financial syndicated under his personal control to send Henry M. Stanley ( sensation seeking journalist + part time explorer ) to congo Basin -able to establish trading stations, sign treaties w/ african chiefs + plant Leopold's flag -alarmed French who sent expedition under Pierre Brazza -1880 Brazza signed treaty of protection w/ chief of large take tribe + began to establish a French protectorate on the North bank of the congo -leopold wanted the rubber in the congo from the rubber trees and cut off the hands of practically enslaved workers who didn't meet the quota. -resulted in devistation Leopold created congo as his state called the congo free state or the belgian congo -rubber comes from trees and is a valuable commodity -king Leopold wants rubber so sets up his own colony and enslaves local pollution -gives ppl ridiculous quotes for rubber to be produced -if don't meet quote punishment is mutilation (cut off hands _) -local men now can't work = mass disruption + famine -lot of ppl die -now mutilation = common thing in tribal warfare -When Leopold was exposed he had totter over his stake to the belgium gov., which was a constitution -doesn't mean the mutilation stopped

Bismark/ Berlin Conference 1884-1885

-Leopold's Buccaneering intrusion to Congo raised question of the political fate of Africa, in 1882 Euro caught " african fever " w/ a gold rush mentality -Jules Ferry of France + Otto von Bismarck of Germany arranged conference on Africa in Berlin to lay down basic rules -established the principle that Euro claims to african territory had to rest on " effective occupation" to be recognized by other states -Effective occupation = you have to actually be there to control it -no single euro power can claim all continent -recognized Leopold's personal rule over a neutral congo free state + agreed to work to stop slavery + slave trade -coincided w/ Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power - before 1880 Bismarck + other Euro leads saw little value in colonies -1884 + 1885 Political agitation for expansion increased -Germany established protectorates over # of Small african kingdoms + tribes @ Congo , Cameroons, Southwest Africa, + later East africa -cooperated w/ France's Ferry who w/ Bismarks tacit approval French pressed southward from Algeria, Eastward from Segal coast, Northward from protectorate on Congo river

white Man's burden / kipling

-Rudyard kiling -white mans burden is to civilize other civilizations -super racist

Main causes of russian Revolution

-WWI _-rasputin -Leadership of Tsar Nicholas II -russia ran out of weapons + Germany inflicted terrible losses and Russia's battered peasant army continued to fight courageously + moved toward total mobilization -Russia mobilized less effectively than other countries -Alexandra tried to rule absolutely and seated + unseated top ministers -her most trusted advisor = uneducated siberian preacher nicknamed " rasputin " " The degenerate" -in this atmosphere of unreality gov slid steady toward revolution -3 members of high aristocracy murdered Rauspitn , to end rumors that he was the empress's lover -empress went into shock + remembered prophecy " If I die or you abandon me w/i 6 months you will lose your son + your throne " -food shortages worsened + moral declined -women were calling for bread in Petrograd ( st. petersburg ) started riots which spread to factories + elsewhere in the city -Tsar ordered troops to restore order from front, -discipline broke down and soldiers joined the rev. crowd -Duma responded by declaring a provisional gov. on March 12 1917 -3 days later Nicholas abdicated

reasons US entered WW1

-Zimmerman telegraph, -had been supplying brits for a long time -brits had been buying stuff from US -Americans to closely supported allies -also upset bc the lucitana was sunk w/ Uboat and 100 something americans died

tsar Nicholas II

-according to the constitution from rev of 1905 , Tsar retained complete control over bureaucracy + army and legislation proposed by Duma ( weighted in favor of the wealthy + conservative classes)= subject of Tsar's veto. -wanted to keep inheritance of supreme royal power but failed to form close relationship w/ citizens to fight war more effectively -relied on old buraucratic apparatus, distrusting the moderated Duma rejecting popular involvement + resisting calls to share power -duma / edu middle class./ mass = increasingly ly critical of Tsar's leadership -after Nicolas II dismal of incompetenet minister of war demands for more democratic gov exploded in Duma -parties from, conservative to moderate to socialist formed the progressive bloc, calling for a completely new gov. responsible to Duma not tsar -Nicholas temporarily dismissed the Duma + traveled to front to lead + rally Russia's armies -gov take over by Tsaring Alexandra + rasputin

Bismark/ goals of alliance system. Impact of Bismarks dismissal

-after Franco-Prussian france wants revenge war w/ France, France wants revenge b/c they were decisively defeated in 1871 + had to pay large indemnity + give up alscace - Lorraine = germany satisfied, just want peace -got peace by : alliance system -isolating embittered France from military allies -restrain russia + austria -hungary to prevent conflict between them b/c they had many conflicting interests like balkans where ottoman empire (sick man of euro

biggest mistake of the provisional gov after the march rev

-all ppl were happy about the march rev and all classes + political parties called for liberty + democracy, -provisional gov quickly established equality under the law and freedom of religion, speeh, assembly, right of unions to organize+ strike + rest of classic liberal program -liberal + moderate socialist leaders of provisional gov rejected social rev -alexander kerensky = prime minister, who refused to confiscate large land holdings and give them to peasants, b/c they feared it would complete the disintegration of Russia's peasant army -continuation of war = still all-important national duty and there was plenty of time for land reform later human suffering + war weariness grew sapping the limited stretch of the provisional gov -provisional gov had to share power w/ petrograd soviet or council of workers and soldiers deputies which had huge mass meeting of 2000 -3000 workers/ soldiers/ socialist intellectuals -suspiciously watched provisional gov + issued its own radical orders further weakening the provisional gov, ex: army order No. 1 issued to all Russian military forces as provisional gov was forming and it stripped officers of authority + placed power in hands of elected committees of common soldiers, designed to protect rev from counter rev = total collapse of army discipline -peasants began returning to villages to help fan get share of land ( which peasants were simply seizing as they settled old scores in great agrarian upheaval = anarchy

scramble for africa

-as late as 1880 Euro nations controlled only 10% of Africa -French bagan conquering algeria in 1830 -By 1880 Substantial # of French + Italian+ Spanish colonists settled amoung arab majoirty -Britian wanted cotton + Suez canal from Eygpt -Euro trading posts + forts dated back to age of discovery + slave trade dotted the coast of the west -John Speke + Richard Burke = looking for the source of the nile ( lack victoria) -Portuguese had proudly but ineffectively held their possessions in angola and Mozambique (elsewhere Europeans didn't rule ) -portugal had some territory on the coast -1880-1900 Britian, Germany, France + Italy scrambled for african possessions as if their livelihood depended on it -by 1900 nearly whole continent was carved up and placed under Euro rule -only Ethiopia and North east africa ( repulsed Italian invaders ) + liberia on the West coast remained independent -Britian occupied Eygpt in 1882 -British have area around Nile + a little south -Leopold II of Belgium by 1876 focused on central afica -Belgium have middle of africa -Dr. Livingstone disappeared and Henry Morgan tracks him down and says " Dr. Livingston I presume -Euro had none of Africa -> had all of africa -Europeans are super racist w/ social darwanism, which they used to justify the superiority of the white race

Japanese response to imperialism

-before Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in 1853 Japan = complex feudal system @ top is figure head emperor and the real power is in hereditary military governor Shogun, w/ help from samurai shogun governed -humilitated by american intrusion does not equal treaties w/ west -when foreign diplomats/ merchants settled in Yokohama rad. samurai reacted w/ violent assassination -allied fleet w/ american, british, dutch, french war ships demolished key forts -further weakened shogun's gov's power+ prestige -1867 coalition of patriotic samurai seized control of gov w/ hardly any blood shed -Meji restoration = restoring political power of emperor -Meji restoration was to deal w/ foreign threat -megi leaders of Japan dropped anti foreign attacks b/c they were convinced Wester civilization had superior military + industrial aspects -initiated for series of measures to reform japan among modern lines -Meji leader tried to harness power inheret in Euro's dua rev. to protect country + catch up w/ west -1871 abolished old feudal structure of aristocratic , decentralized gov. for a strong unified state -dismantled 4 class legal system -declared social equality -declared freedom of movement -created free, competitive gov. -stimulated econ. -began to build railroads + modern factories -Emperor Meji transforms japan -Japan also copied powerful modern navy w/ army completely reorganized along euro lines -borrowed science+ tech -established authoritarian constitution + rejected democracy, like Germany -copied imperialism - competed aggressively w/ leading Euro powers for influence + territory in china ( particularly Manchuria)

assassination of Arch duke Franz ferdinand

-catalyst for world war 1 -Archduke _Franz Ferdinand & His Family The _Assassination : Sarajevo June 28, 1914 The Assassin:Gavrilo _Princip The assassins belonged to the movement called Young Bosnia (or _Black Hand ). Serbian military officers stood behind the attack. Princip confessed that the guns were given by agents of the _Serb Government This theory is supported by many historians. _Austria-Hungry accuses Serbia of the assassination. The political objective of the assassination was to break Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces off so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a greater Yugoslavia- _" Pan-Slavism " .

Moroccan Crisis and impact on alliance system

-frustrated by Britons turn to France in 1904 Germany's leaders insisted in 1905 on internationallly conference on whole moroccan question -crude bullying forced France + Britain closer and germany left Algerciras conference of 1906 empty handed + isolated ( except for austria hungry ) result of Algercias crisis + morrocan rev= diplomatic revolution -britian + France + russia + U.S. began to see Germany as a threat -german leaders began to see sinister plots to " encircle germany " -1907 Russia battered by its disasterous war w/ Japan + rev. of 1905 agreed to settle its quarrels w/ Great Britain in Persia + central asia w/ anglo russian agreement

" blank check "

-germany issued blank check to austria promising to back them in the balkans no matter what happened Germany gives a "blank check" to A-H Empire What did it Say: _Any help you need we'll back you On 23 July 1914, an _ultimatum was sent to Serbia with ten demands. Some were extreme. Serbia rejected the _sixth demand #6. To take _judicial proceedings against the guilties

Opium war and treaty of nanking

-imperial gov required all foreign merchants to live in southern city of Canton + to buy from and sell only to local merchant monoply -sale of opium + export of silver from china is considered harmful to chinese + strictly forbidden -for yrs little community of foreign merchants in canton had to accept chinese system -in the smoking of opium ( denounced by Chinese decrees ) they had found chinese rly wanted it -grown legally in British occupied India, Opium was smuggled in w/ fast ships + bribed officials -1836 the aggressive goal of the british merchants in canton was an independent British colony in China -pressured the british gove to take decisive action + enlist support of British manufactures w/ visions of vast chinese markets to be opened -quing gov decied opium trade had to be stamped out b/c it was ruining the ppl + stripping empire of silver ( going to british merchants to pay for the opium -gov began to prosecute chinese drug dealers vigorously -1839 sent special envoy Lin Tse-hsu to canton and ordered foreign merchants to obey chinese laws yet they refused and were expelled w/ war soon broke out -using troops from india + being in control of seas British occupied several costal cities + forced Chinese to surrender -in treaty of nanking in 1842 imperial gov forced to cede island of know kong to Britain forever + pay indemnity of $100million + opened up 4 large cities to foreign trade w/ low tariffs -after opium trade flourished + hong kong developed rapidly as an anglo -chinese enclave -china continued to accept foreign diplmatis in Bejing the imperial capital -later britian will go into bejing and conquer more -another round of harsh treaties gave euro merchants + missionaries grater privilege + protection + forced chinese to accept to trade + investment on unfavorable terms for several more cities

Western Front characteristics

-instead of quickly capturing paris in Vast encircling movement by end of aug tired german soldiers were advancing along enormous front in scorching summer heat -sept 6 French attacked gap in German line @ Battle of the marne and finally the germans fell back, Paris + France was saved -soon armies stalled, and both sides began to dig trenches to protect from machine gun fire -by Nov 1914 there was an unbroken line of trenches that extended from belgian ports through north France, past fortress of Verdun, on to swiss frontier -slaughter began earnestly and there was ceaseless shelling by heavy artillery for days -young draftees + junior officers went " over " trenches in Frontal attacks on the enemy line, -little territory was gained but lots of lives were lost in trench warfare and it shattered an entire generation of men

Bolsheviks / Lenin

-lenin's whole life = dedicated to cause of rev. , his brother was executed for plotting to kill the tsar and he was exiled to siberia b/c of socialist agitation -lenin studied Marxian docs w/ religious intensity and came up 3 inter related ideas = central 1- turned to communist manifest for insp. thus stressed capitalism could be destroyed only by a violent revolution and denounced all revisionist versions 2. under certain condition a socialist rev is even possible in relatively backward country like russia ( industrial calls = small but peasants = poor thus potential revolutionaries ) 3. necessity of highly disciplined worker's party, strictly controlled by a dedicated elite of intellectuals + full time revolutionaries like himself - the elite can not be seduced b short term gains, would stop until rev brought to power -Russian party of Marxian socialism split to 2 rival groups -Bolshevikes = lenin's group or " majority group" ( majority didn't last but they kept the name ) ( lenin demanded a small mor disiplined elite party -Mensheviks = " minority group" (wanted more democratic party w/ mass membership )

Treaty of brest litovsk

-nexy 4 yrs bolsheviks went on to conquer the chaos they helped create and began t build their kind of doctoral society -since summer peasants had been dividing among them the estates of Land lords + churches -a russian 1789, it was not very marxian but it was unstoppable -thus Lenin's 1st law which gave land to peasants actually merely approved what peasants were doing -urban workers great demand in nov was direct control of individual factories by local workers committees and lenin ratified this w/ a decree in Nov -lenin acknowledged they lost the war w/ germany and the only realistic goal = peace @ any price -germany demanded that soviet gov give up all its western territories inhabited by poles, finns, lithuanians + other non-russians ( all wo had been conquered by tsars over the centuries ) -1/3 of Russia's ld population was sliced away by this treaty in 1918

ottoman empire " sick man of Europe "

-retained important holdings @the congress of berlin -part of the central powers Ottoman Empire on the decline, losing territory, struggling for survival -Serbia , Greece, Bulgaria attack Ottoman Empire -Bulgaria upset over the settlement when over A-H Annexes Bosnia (lots of Serbs), Serbia outraged 2nd Balkan War -Bulgaria attacks former allies -Ottoman Empire gone from Europe - A-H fears they may be next

impact of WWI physical, emotional geographic, political, economic

-shell shook -women gained greater rights + worked -austria and hungry treated as 2 separate nations -both lost land to neighboring countries ( self determination Romania / czecholsylvakia ) -alscace lorraine -> france -eupen + malmedy -> belgium -Northern schelswig -> denmark -hultschin-> czechoslovakia -league of nations took control of Germany's overseas colonies -germany had to return to Russia land taken in Treaty Brenk Litovsk, some of this made into new states Estonia, Lithuania Lativa, enlarged poland + got some of this West Prussia + Posen + upper Silesia-. poland -saar, Danzig, Memel= under control of League of nations and got to vote to remain in Germany / future referendum SOCIAL - women are more visible bc working in factories + volunteering in military, few countries actually grant women the right to vote. -also before war gap between social class was growing but during the war it decreases bc the junior officiers in the trenches are aristocratic and also getting shot just as often. everyone can relate to lost loved one etc. @ least during the war POLITICS - gov = all lot more authoritarian, causing them to make all these represive EMOTIONAL - catastrophic on mental health level -shell shock -tramutized a whole generation -disilusionment with the world -lost faith in humanity GEOGRAPHIC - treaty of versailles -ottoman empire gone now its just turky -austria hungry -split up austria, hungry, checkolsylvakia -Middle east is carved up into mandates, British + french break promise that they could have country of their own of they do arab revolt -also thought of creating independent Jewish state w/ Balfour declaration -independent Jewish state -Alsace + Lorraine goes back to france -yugoslavia formed in aftermath of end of austria -hungarian empire

Leon trotsky

-spell binding revolutionary orator and independent radical marxist who brilliantly executed bolshevik seizure of power -painting a vivid but untruthful of German and counter-revolutionary plots, trotsky first convinced the petrograd soviet to form a special military revolutionary committee in october and make him its leader, passing military power in the capital to bolshevik hands -Leon insisted that they take power in the name of more popular democratic soviets meeting in petrograd to reduce backlash from they coup -on night of nov. 6 militants from trotsky's committee find with trusty bolshevik soldiers to seize gov buildings + pounce on members of the provisional gov -masterminds action in Nov of 1917 , wips red army together to fight the civil war

wilson's 14 points/ league of nations

-wilson wanted america to concentrate on itself despite coming up w/ league of nations -believed Germany should be punished in way to lead to euro reconciliation 1. no more secret treaties 2. countries must seek to reduce their weapons + armed forces 3. national self determination should allow ppl some of same nationality to govern themselves + on nationality Should not have power to govern over the other 4. All countries should belong to league of nations -objectives = keep world peace -based in Geneva switzerland ( b/c it didn't fight in war ) - if a dispute occurred it could call states in league assembly - there could give verbal sanctions, and if they disobeyed then they could give econ sanctions, and lastly if they disobeyed they could give physical sanctions -the weakness was that it had no military force @ its disposal and no member had to provide one on terms of joining -Germany was excluded -Russia exclueded -america refused to join

Russian civil war/ sides in war

1917 bolsheviks proclaimed their regime = only a " provisional workers + peasants gov" promising freely elected constituent assembly would draw up a new consitituion -bolshekis won less than 1/4 elected delegates -socialist revolutionaries ( the peasants partyclear majority ) and constituent assembly met for only 1 day then it was permently disbanded by bolsheviks soldiers acting under Lenin's orders which feed the flames of the civil war -" long live the [democratic ] soviets; down w/ the bolsheviks " -officers of old army took lead organizing so called white opposition in southern russia, ukraine, siberai + west of petrograd -bolsheviks = reds -by summer 1918 -18 self proclaimed regional gov ( several of which represented nationalities were competing w/ lenin's bolsheviks in Moscow -by end of yr whit armies = on attack by Spring 1920 white armies = almost completely defeated -bolshevik red army retaken Belorussia, ukrane -next yr communists also reconquered independent nationalist gov of the caucasus -bolsheviks + lenin won b/c they strategically controlled the center while whites were always on fringes + disunited, -poorly defined political program of whites = vaguely conservative + didn't unite all foes of the Bolsheviks under progressive democratic banner -communists quickly developed better army -trotsky leadership = decisive, bolsheviks preached democracy in armies + elected officers in 1917 -March 1918 trotk as war commissioner re-established the draft and most darastic discipline for red army, + effective use of former starts army officers -bolsheviks mobilized on home front -revolutionary terror contributed to communist victory -foreign military intervention wasn't enough to hurt reds and infant helped them be/c they could use it to appeal to patriotic nationalism of ethnic russians particualrly former starts army officers

British east india company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

new Imperialism vs. old imperialism ( look at ven diagram)

Causes of imperialism: most directly a result of the industrial rev. b/c of a need for raw materials, growing amount of capital which could not all be invested profitably @ home -Colonies where wanted as markets for manufactured goods, sources of raw materials, +places to invest surplus capital -colonies provided outlet for " surplus" populations -" white man's burden " to spread civilization to native peoples of " backward areas " -religious missionaries in backward had to be protected -colonies were necessary for national defense as coaling stations, naval bases or sources of war materials in emergencies -colonial empires add to national glory and honor NEW -industrial rev caused it -now nationalism/ patriotism= reason for imperialism -countries wanted colonies for military naval base -Euro racism -social darwinism " White man's burden" Rudyard kipling -now emphasis on africa -spheres of influence in china -opening up japan OLD -commercial revolution caused it -mercanditlism was implemented in overseas colonies -personal motives were gold, glory, and empire -great britian gained the most

central powers and allied powers

Central powers = Germany, Austria-hungry, and turky Wilhelm II ( Germ) Franz Josef ( A-H) Enver Poshe ( Turkey) allied powers = Russia, Britain, France and Italy Nicolas II ( russia ) George V( Britan Victor Emmaneul III ( Italy ) Pres Poincare ( France )

revolution of 1905 causes/ effect/ october manifesto

Japanese defeat of Russia, professional classes wanted liberal representative regimeRussia Discontent Across Society • _middle Class wanted liberal, _representative govt •Factory workers facing _hardships of industrial life •Peasants still suffering from _poverty and overpopulation • _Nationalist movements from minority groups in the Empire (Ukrainians and Polish) • _humilation in Russo Japanese war the _spark for change Revolution of 1905 •January 1905 crowds gather at Czar's _winter palace -Led by Father _Gapon -Wanted to present _position to the Czar - _peaceful and respectful •Czar _fled and his troops opened _fire on the crowd •"_bloody Sunday _Massacre " - _outraged the Russian population •Summer of 1905 -General _strike of workers across the country -Forced government to take action • _October Manifesto -Granted civil rights -Promised the _Duma •Popular elected _parliament -Middle class helped put down further rebellion to support a constitutional monarchy Broken Promises • _Fundemental Laws -Put into place right before the 1st Duma -Gave Czar _great powers •Appointed ministers •Absolute _veto power over the Duma •Upper house appointed -Middle class liberals disappointed •Czar _dismissed the Duma, then the 2nd Duma •Manipulated representation to favor those _loyal to Czar •Russia _partially modernized, _conservative const. monarchy, peasant based industrial economy -catalyst = defeat in Russo Japanese wars -War is expensive, costly for gov fighting

Russian Revolution 1917 ( March ) and ( october )

MARCH -food shortages worsened + moral declined -women were calling for bread in Petrograd ( st. petersburg ) started riots which spread to factories + elsewhere in the city -Tsar ordered troops to restore order from front, -discipline broke down and soldiers joined the rev. crowd -Duma responded by declaring a provisional gov. on March 12 1917 -3 days later Nicholas abdicated -result of an unplanned uprising of hungry, angry ppl in the capital, but was joyfully accepted throughout the country OCTOBER -during summer Bolsheviks appealed effectively to workers + soldiers of Petrograd markedly increasing their popular support -in october they gained a fragile majority in the petrograd sovit and it was leon trotsky who executed the Bolshevik siezure of power -painting a vivid but untruthful of German and counter-revolutionary plots, trotsky first convinced the petrograd soviet to form a special military revolutionary committee in october and make him its leader, passing military power in the capital to bolshevik hands -Leon insisted that they take power in the name of more popular democratic soviets meeting in petrograd to reduce backlash from they coup -on night of nov. 6 militants from trotsky's committee find with trusty bolshevik soldiers to seize gov buildings + pounce on members of the provisional gov -then went on to congress of soviets and there a bolshevik majority declared that all power had passed to the soviets and named Lenin head of the new gov.

Main Causes of WWI

Militarism- Anglo german arms races, HMS Dreadnought = big ship w/ 12 inch guns fully automated, 2nd industrial rev= greater arms production Alliances- ( assassination of Franz Ferdinand ) by product of Bismarck idea was that it would prevent wars Imperialsm = competion for colonies intensifies rivalrys , ex. scramble for africa , Morrocan crisis = French want b/c they most of North Africa, Germany also wants it b/c they don't they don't have much. Meet @ algerceris in Spain and germans saber rattling, pushes other countries to see germany as a threat Nationalism = Balkan pennisula = lots of different groups of pals that wanted to have their own countries, Black hand serbian nationalists want to liberate slavs in Austrian empire, they launch terror campaign and kill arch duke ferdinand the heir of the austrian empire, ignites the tensions and activates the web of alliances - no localized war

April Thesis/ Peace, bread, land now

The Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to the capital of Russia, Petrograd, on April 3, 1917, just over a month following the February Revolution which had brought about the establishment of the liberal Provisional Government. He set out his analysis of where Russian politics should develop in his famous April Theses published in the newspaper, Pravda. The theses dealt with various areas - for instance, the Bolshevik attitude to the First World War, their attitude to the Provisional Government, and how Russia should be governed in the future and the future of the Bolsheviks -The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; Peace appealed to the soldiers; Land appealed to the peasants; and Bread appealed to the workers. -lenin on his return from exhile proclaims this which essentially says dont listent to the provisional gov, they are corrupt, they are bougiouse and that ppl should follow the soviets

black hand

The assassins of Franz Ferdinand belonged to a group called the Black hand, or young Bosnia

triple entente and triple alliance

Triple Entente Britan France Russia Triple Alliance Germany Austria- Hungrey Italy Alliances _Dual Alliance _Triple Alliance (Ru, It, A-H) Franco-Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Triple _Entente (GB, Fr, Ru)

kaiser Wilhelm II

Willliam II dismissed bismark b/c of chancellor's friendly policy to russia since 1870s, and then adimantly refused to renew refused to russian german reinsurance treaty -prompted long isolated republican France to court absolutist Russia offering loans, arms, + friendship, in both were enthusiastic public demonstrations, it was to remain effect as long as triple alliance of austria, Germany, + italy existed

war communism

application of total war concept to a civil conflict, used by bolsheviks in russian rev -seized grain form peasants, and introduced rationing, nationalized all banks + industry and required everyone to work -contribued to break down of normal econ activity and served to maintain labor discipline + keep red army supplied

spheres of influence

area of influence by 1 specific euro country; exclusive trading rights for a particular country -" open door policy -when europeans in china often implement " Extra territoriality " -local officials can't convict Europeans and Europeans are immune from local prosecution -ex: French sphere of influence in China, German sphere of influence in China -mandates are in middle east

cecil rhodes

help British of Rhodesia + Bechuahaland -" Cape to Cairo " rail way -never materialized -super ****ing racist -btw Rhodesia = a state he named after himself -led the british in cape colony and leap frogged over afrikaner states in early 1890s established protectorates over Rechuanland ( boswania ) and Rhodesia ( zimbabwe + zambia ) -super rich , -gold and diamond mines -british allowed him to govern that area 1896 british forced him to resign b/c he tried to over throw boer gov.

boer war

in south africa British had taken possessions of he Dutch settlements @ cape town during the wars w/ Napoleon I -led Dutch cattle ranchers + farmers in 1835 to make their so called great trek into the interior where they fought the Zulu ( african tribe in South Africa opposed to the dutch ) + xhosa ppl for land, they ended up finding diamonds -after 1853 boers or afrikaners ( as descendants of the dutch in cape colony where calling themselves) proclaimed independence and defended it against british armies -by 1880 Afrikaner + British settlers wrested control of much of south Africa from the Zulu xhosa + other africans -dutch settler republics succumbed to imperialism too -british led by Cecil Rhodes in Cape colony leap frogged over afrikaner states in early 1890s and established protectorates over Rechuanland ( boswania ) and Rhodesia ( zimbabwe + zambia ) -trying unsuccessfully to undermine stubborn afrikaners in Transvaal, where english speaking capitalist Rhodes were developing fabulously rich gold mines -British conquered afrikaners in Bloody south african war -1910 their territories were united w/ cape colony + eastern province of natal in a new union of south africa -largely self governing -enabled defeated afrikaners to use their #s to gradually take political power ( even as most edu. non whites lost right to vote ) boers = euro dutch farmers in south africa -1815 = congress of vienna and cape colony given to British -1st boer war = fought british in transylvanial + regained its independence -paul kruegar = president - then they find gold -leads to 2nd boer war w/ Maxim gun -british win -winston church hill -speak of africans ( african influence dutch )

treaty versailles/ article 231, main goals of France/ view of Germany about the treaty and way

peace conference opened in paris in jan 1919 w/ 70 delegates representing 27 victorious nations, -Clemencau of France wanted to bring germany to its knees + wanted a buffer state -231 = war guilt clause, germany had to admit full guilt for starting the war -germany had to pay for the war damages -there was anger throughout Germany, the treaty was known as the " diktat" -german got no consolation -many germans didn't want the treaty signed, but they had not choice -last gesture= captured german naval force held @ scapa flow North of scotland deliberately sank itself -hated getting blamed for the war -ppl thought it was unfair b/c it was gov. not them -ITALY - wants territory and doesn't end up getting it -US -led by WIlson -want to be grant peace maker, wants to punish germans but also doesnt want to weaken germany too much -BRITIAN- David Lloyd George - publicly has to rip into germany, but is worried that communisim in russia will spread if they bash Germany to much FRANCE - wants to pound germany into the ground