Ch 27 and 28 Bio 2
All plants produce spores by mitosis.
false
Angiosperms produce seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones.
false
Bryophytes have an extensive vascular system.
false
Club mosses were important plants millions of years ago, but are now extinct.
false
Cycad reproduction is similar to that in pines and both cycads and pines are monoecious.
false
During the life cycle of a pine tree, pollen fertilizes the egg during the haploid gametophyte generation.
false
Embryo sacs in the vast majority of angiosperms contain just one egg cell with two haploid nuclei.
false
Flowering plants have efficient sugar-conducting cells called vessel elements in their phloem.
false
Within the alternation of generations, the diploid zygote is the first stage in the gametophyte generation.
false
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
fronds
Efficient sugar-conducting cells make up the ________ of a flowering plant's phloem.
sieve tube elements
One major advantage of gymnosperms over the seedless vascular plants is the production of wind-borne pollen grains.
true
The prothallus of a fern usually produces both archegonia and antheridia on its underside.
true
The two vascular tissues of seedless vascular plants are the xylem and phloem.
true
What structural component do ferns possess that whiskferns do not?
true roots
An important structural difference between all plants and algae is the presence of (a) ________.
waxy cuticle
Which statement about whisk ferns is FALSE?
They lack true stems
Spores are produced in which part of a moss sporophyte?
capsule
Recent studies of gene function as it relates to reproductive development suggest that angiosperms evolved most directly from:
conifers
Which of the gymnosperms are monoecious?
conifers
Which gymnosperm is now an endangered group of plants, but was dominant during the Triassic period?
cycad
Cycads may be characterized as being:
dioecious and having motile sperm.
Alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of:
diploid and haploid stages.
In flowering plants, the ____ generation is dominant.
diploid sporophyte
The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the ____ generation.
diploid sporophyte
What unique reproductive process of a flowering plant accounts for its evolutionary success?
double fertilization
In the life cycle of a moss, after sexual reproduction, the gametophyte grows out of the sporophyte.
false
Only angiosperms have the two vascular tissues: xylem and phloem.
false
The body form of a hornwort consists of flattened, lobed structures that are not differentiated into leaves, stems, or roots.
false
In which part of an angiosperm are seeds produced?
fruit
The ____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.
haploid gametophyte
What production method within seedless plants was important to the evolution of seeds?
heterospory
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:
monoecious.
What type of leaf venation do eudicots possess?
netted
Which flowering plant would demonstrate secondary growth?
oak
Which part of a flowering plant eventually becomes the seed?
ovule
The female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the:
ovule of the ovary.
What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?
pistil
What must grow from a pollen grain once attached to a female cone?
pollen tube
The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as:
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots.
What is the dominate form of a fern during the haploid gametophyte generation?
prothallus
During the moss life cycle, when a haploid spore germinates, it forms a(n) ________.
protonema
How are vascular bundles arranged within a monocot?
scattered
The fossil record indicates that progymnosperms probably gave rise to conifers and ________, which then gave rise to cycads and gingko.
seed ferns
Which of the following is heterosporous?
spike moss
What is the male component of the flower that produces gametes?
stamen
What characteristic of land plants distinguishes them from green algae?
they develop from embryos enclosed in maternal tissue
Ferns, while mostly terrestrial plants, need a thin layer of water for sperm cells to swim from a nearby prothallus to the neck of an archegonium.
true
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts in different locations on the same plant.
true
Which is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?
a thallus
Which of the following is a vascular plant?
fern
Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called:
gemmae
What do the large female cones of a pine tree contain?
megasporangia
After sexual reproduction in a moss, the ____ grows out of the gametophyte.
sporophyte
What conducts water within a seed plant?
xylem
A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum?
Anthocerophyta
The first plants to produce seeds evolved during which time period?
Devonian period
Eudicots are mostly herbaceous plants with long, narrow leaves that have parallel veins.
False
Which is a basic difference between gymnosperms and flowering plants?
Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?
It prevents desiccation.
Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.
____ are small leaves with a single vascular strand.
Microphylls
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion?
Mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together.
Why are seeds reproductively superior to spores?
Seeds contain a young plant and also are protected by a seed
The first plants evolved rapidly during which time period?
Silurian
Angiosperms have ____ in their phloem.
sieve tube elements
Which of the following is an economically important basal angiosperm?
star anise
Once a pollen grain lands on a pistil of a flower, where does the pollen tube grow?
stigma
What are the pores on a leaf that allows for gas exchange between a plant and the atmosphere?
stomata
What is the name of the green algal group from which plants are to have descended?
stoneworts
During double fertilization, one sperm cell unites with the egg, while another sperm cell unites with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that gives rise to endosperm.
true
Flowering plants are the most successful types of plants on Earth, having adapted to almost every habitat.
true
Molecular comparisons of chloroplast DNA, certain nuclear genes, and ribosomal RNA provide compelling evidence that green algae are closely allied to plants.
true
Mosses play an important role in forming soil.
true
One important difference between plants and algae is that a waxy cuticle covers the aerial portion of a plant.
true
Each sporophyll of a pollen cone bears how many microsporangia on its underside?
two
The fertilization process of flowering plants involves ____ nuclear fusion(s).
two
Bryophytes are difference from other plants because they do not possess ________.
vascular tissue
Gymnosperms produce seeds borne naked, while flowering plants produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
vascular tissue
Conifers, different from bryophytes, do not need ________ as a transport medium for reproduction to occur.
water
The most important adaptation found in seedless vascular plants, although absent in algae and bryophytes, is specialized vascular tissues called ________.
xylem and phloem
In the accompanying figure, which label designates the structures largely responsible for attracting potential pollinators?
8
Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?
8
Which statement about gymnosperms and angiosperms is FALSE?
Both groups have free-living gametophytes.
Which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
Cycadophyta
Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over the counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?
Ephedra
One disadvantage for angiosperms is cross-fertilization by the transfer of pollen from other plants, which causes genetic variation among the offspring.
False
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about label 1 is FALSE?
It is part of the sporophyte generatio
Which is a differentiating characteristic of land plants from green algae?
Land plants have a waxy cuticle
An evolutionary advantage of flowering plants is the shedding of their leaves during cold or dry periods to reduce water loss.
True
Progymnosperms descended from ancestral seedless vascular plants and had two derived features: leaves with branching veins and woody tissue.
True
The life cycle in the accompanying figure could represent which organism? antheridium-sperm-sporophyte-megasporangium-megasporocyte
a club moss
If you identify a plant as Magnolia grandiflora, you therefore conclude that this plant is:
a core angiosperm.
The most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the:
angiosperms
Which group of plants are the most recent to evolve?
angiosperms
In a flowering plant, the ____ is the site of meiosis and, ultimately, the production of pollen.
anther
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
antheridium
In the process of fertilization in conifers, the pollen tube grows to which structure?
archegonium
The earliest pollinators of flowers were probably ____ that visited flowers to chew on the petals and leaves.
beetles
Which of the seedless vascular plants contributed to our present-day coal deposits?
club mosses
Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in:
club mosses.
In plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular ____ (young plant) within a female gametangium.
embryo
In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:
endosperm.
All groups of living plants have microphylls.
false
Homospory is a significant development in plant evolution because it was the forerunner of the evolution of seeds.
false
The parts of monocot flowers usually occur in fours and fives.
false
There are very few species of horsetails and they are only found on Australia.
false
What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?
gametangia
What is the structure labeled as A in the accompanying figure?
gametangium of an alga
What is the dominant stage of a bryophyte's life cycle?
gametophyte
Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:
homospory
Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?
horsetails and club mosses
The oldest known fossils suggest that the ____ may have been the first plants to inhabit land.
liverworts
Which bryophyte has a thallus body form that does not differentiate into leaves, stems or roots?
liverworts
Progymnosperms had two derived features, which are:
megaphylls and woody tissue
In the accompanying figure, what process is occurring at point Process B?
meiosis
Microsporocytes divide by ____ to form ____.
meiosis; microspores
A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:
monocot
What do ferns lack?
seeds