Ch 28-29 Reproductive Questions

What is exchanged during crossing over?

Genetic Material

After leaving the testes, spermatozoa pass sequentially through the

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

In male sexual function, parasympathetic innervation is responsible for ____________, while sympathetic innervation promotes ____________.

erection; ejaculation

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein -A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

It is the ruptured follicle after ovulation. It produces progesterone until the placenta develops. If the egg isn't fertilized then it degenerates.

Which one of the following correctly matches the hormone with its effects?

LH stimulates ovulation (female) or spermatogenesis (male)

From superior to inferior, the structural parts of the uterus are the

fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix

What is most common type of STD?

Chlamydia. Bacterial infection treated with tetracycline Can cause sterilization in women -Genital herpes

Sex Chromosomes

Consists of either two X chrom. or XY these chrom, determine gender and they also contain genes that code for cellular functions

Primary spermatocytes are?

Diploid -during the process spermatogonia divide to produce primary speratocytes

Which part of the penis has the external urethral orifice?

Glans. -the primary sex organs or gonads of the male reproductive are the testes. Sperm produced in the testes travel along a system of ducts - the epididymis, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct - to reach the urethra which ends the penis

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hormone (HCG)

HCG prevents degeneration of the Corpus Luteum -hCG is the hormone that can be tested on a home pregnancy test

Adult male and female reproductive structures derived from common developmental structures and serving a common function in both sexes are called

Homologous

Under what circumstances would the corpus luteum continue to produce hormones?

If the fertilized egg implants it will produce hcg, which signals the corpus luteum to continue to produce progesterone (until placenta takes over at 3 months)

Where does implantation occur? By what day?

Implantation occurs in the uterine wall by day 14 after its release from follicle (ovulation)

Progesterone and Estrogen

Influence the endomertrium to thicken and prepare for implantation

Which cells produce testosterone?

Interstitial cells

The internal organs of the female reproductive system include?

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

Which sequence correctly traces events and products of the ovarian cycle?

primary & secondary follicles > vesicular follicle > ovulation > corpus luteum

Which type of cell may be housed in at least four different types of follicles?

primary oocyte

Semen normally contains which of the following?

products of each accessory gland as well as the testes

Among the enzymes found in semen, ____________ secreted by the ____________ is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in males.

seminalplasmin; prostate gland

In the testes, sperm are produced within the highly convoluted ____________, while androgens are produced by the ____________.

seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells

What is the primary function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

triggers continued production of progesterone by the corpus luteum

Which of these cells are haploid? (1) spermatogonia (2) primary spermatocytes (3) secondary spermatocytes (4) spermatids (5) spermatozoa

(3) secondary spermatocytes (4) spermatids (5) spermatozoa

Heredity Overview brief..

- Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes in the body's Diploid cells. - Sex chromosomes termed: X and Y determine gender: XX is female and XY is male - Gametes or sex cells are Haploid cells they contain 22 chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome, not pairs of chromosomes. - When gametes unite in fertilization the Diploid condition is restored

Sperm are stored in the _____, where they remain until they are fully mature and capable of motility

- epididymis

If fertilization and implantation both occur successfully, the corpus luteum

- typically continues to secrete progesterone through the third month of pregnancy - transforms into a corpus albicans soon after the placenta is fully functional

Ovulation occurs due to a dramatic "peak" of which hormone?

-LH

What drives first breath in a newborn?

CO2 build up (acidosis)

Female Reproductive Organs

-Paired ovaries & uterine tubes -Uterus -Vagina -External genitalia -Mammary Glands

Which selection does not correctly match the ligament with the organ it supports?

-Round ligament, uterus -cardinal ligament, uterus -suspensory ligament, ovary [don't match mesosalpinx, ovary]

Once a sperm enters an oocyte what is done to prevent other sperm from entering?

-There are specific docking reactions b/w the egg and sperm -The docks can be withdrawn once a sperm enters to ensure that only one sperm can enter

Homologous Chromosomes

-a pair of matching autosomes -Meiosis includes a process called Crossing Over, whereby genetic material is exchanged b/w homologous chroms

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form a new spermatogonium and?

-a primary spermatocyte

Progesterone

-decreasing levels of progesterone lead to shedding of the endometrial lining

Corpus Albicans

-if fertilization does NOT occur the corpus luteum becomes a corpus albicans

GnRH releasing hormone

-released by the hypothalamus

Mature OOCYTE

-when does a mature oocyte complete meiosis I? --> just prior to ovulation

What are the four main parts of a sperm and what are their functions

1. Acrosome: cap that contains enzyme that assists fertilization 2. Head: holds the DNA from the male 3. Middle piece: holds mitochondria that provide energy to swim 4. Tail: motility

What is the function of the ampulla, seminal vesicle, the prostate gland and the bulbourethral gland?

1. Ampulla: stores sperm 2. Seminal vesicles: makes sperm 3. Prostate gland: activates sperm 4. Bulbourethral gland: clears urethra of remaining urine

What is the benefit of breastfeeding?

1. Baby is given antibodies (IgA) 2. Absorb iron and fat more readily 3. Natural laxative for the baby

blastomere, morula, and blastocyst.

1. Blastomere: first division that produces 2 daughter cells 2. Morula: ball of 16 or more 3. Blastocyst: 100 or more cells

What are some changes mom can expect to her body during pregnancy?

1. Breast enlargement 2. Edema, especially in ankles 3. Morning sickness due to overproduction of estrogen and progesterone

How can genes be mutated?

1. Deletion: a nucleotide is deleted, causing the amino acids after it to be different than intended 2. Insertion: an additional nucleotide is added, causing the amino acids after it to be different than intended 3. Substitution: a nucleotide is switched out for another

What are the three layers of germ cells

1. Endoderm: forms epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems 2. Mesoderm: forms all other tissues; organs, muscles, bones (middle) 3. Ectoderm: forms skin epidermis (outer) and Nervous system

Match the duct of the male reproductive system with its function.

1. Epididymis: Stores sperm until they are fully mature and capable of motility 2. Ductus deferens: Contraction of the muscularis moves the sperm along 3. Ejaculatory duct: Conducts sperm and seminal fluid toward the urethra 4. Urethra: Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to outside of the body

What is the relationship of hormones FSH/LH and estrogen, how do they affect the process of oocyte development?

1. FSH and LH are released in higher quantities because they cause the release of estrogen, which causes increased amounts of FSH and LH to be made (positive feedback). FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone all peak at ovulation. 2. When estrogen levels hit a certain point, is causes the inhibition of FSH and LH 3. FSH and LH cause follicle growth and maturation

Explain the three phases of ovarian cycle.

1. Follicular Phase: days 1-14. Primordial follicle becomes mature and ruptures the ovarian wall 2. Ovulation: release of egg 3. Luteal Phase: If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days. Scar is called corpus albicans

What are the three stages of labor? What is the role of oxytocin and progesterone?

1. Initiation 2. Dilation 3. Expulsion 4. Oxytocin: causes contractions 5. Progesterone: ( this isn't in slides. Guessing it does the same things as estrogen which causes myometrial weakness and irritability)

Why is it critical to make sure all part of the placenta are accounted for in the afterbirth?

1. It could cause the mother to bleed out 2. If left in, the body would recognize it as a foreign substance and launch an immune response against it

What are some signs of breast cancer?

1. Lump in breast 2. Dimpling/rippling 3. Change in skin texture 4. Bleeding from nipple 5. Difference in appearance of the nipple

Match the event in the ovarian cycle (O) with the corresponding event in the uterine cycle (U)

1. O--corpus albicans decreases production of progesterone/estrogen -->menstrual phase 2. O--follicular production of estrogen -->proliferative phase 3. O--ovulation -->proliferative to secretory phase 4. O--corpus luteum produces progesterone/estrogen -->secretory phase

What is the role of the hormones prolactin and oxytocin in breast feeding?

1. Prolactin: stimulates milk production 2. Oxytocin: stimulates contractions that push out breast milk

Starting in the testis, name the tubules from smallest to largest and their function

1. Seminiferous tubule: part of testes that produce sperm 2. Lobule: where sperm and testosterone are produced 3. Rete testis: carries sperm from seminiferous tubule to vas deferens 4. Epididymis: stores sperm and transports it from the testes 5.Vas deferens: transports sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation

What hormones affect sperm production? What hormone is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics?

1. Testosterone, LH, FSH. 2. FSH and LH increase testosterone, and in turn increases LH and FSH production 3. Testosterone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics

Uterine / Fallopian Tube Functions

1. transport oocyte to the uterus 2. site for fertilization

Embryonic Stages

1. zygote 2. morula 3. blastocyte 4. embryoblast

What are some consequences of gene mutations?

1.Loss of function 2. Partial loss of function 3. Gain of function

What part of the sperm is responsible for penetrating the zona pellucida?

Acrosome on the head of the sperm

Ampulla (female)

Ampulla is the region of the uterine tube that is the normal site of FERTILIZATION

which ducts(s) of the male reproductive system passes through the prostate gland?

Ejaculatory Ducts

Which structure penetrates the prostate gland to empty into the urethra?

Ejaculatory duct

What happens during ovulation?

Ejection of the oocyte from a mature follicle

Sperm cells reach maturity in the?

Epididymis

What hormones are secreted by the Chorion (placenta)?

Estrogen, progesterone, and HCG

In what part of the uterus does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes (specifically Ampulla)

What do you think would be the consequence of low or no hCG production would be on pregnancy?

Miscarriage may result in low hCG levels. A pregnancy that fails to develop a placenta may not excrete higher levels of hCG. Cells that form the placenta excrete hCG once an egg has been fertilized and implanted into the uterus. HCG levels double every 72 hours and peak between eight and 11 weeks gestation. Rising hCG levels are often associated with a healthy pregnancy; however, low hCG levels have also occurred in healthy pregnancies, according to Advanced Fertility. Many variables and conditions affect hCG levels..

Oogenesis

Oogenesis: -1 gamete (1 egg) is produced -Meiosis is completed only IF fertilization occurs -the Zona Pellicida is present around Mature cells the production of immature oocytes in the ovary

All of the following organs produce a component of seminal fluid except?

Organs that Produce component of seminal fluid: -bulbourethral glands -seminal vesicles -prostate gland DON"T -testes

The trophoblast cells divide and become what structure?

Placenta Trophoblast care cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. This layer of trophoblasts is also collectively referred to as "the trophoblast",[1] or, after gastrulation,[2] the trophectoderm, as it is then contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo.

If only one sperm cell made it to the oocyte do think fertilization would take place?

Probably not. You need many sperms that are releasing enzymes to break down the zona pellucida -If the sperm do not encounter an oocyte immediately, they can survive in the uterine tubes for another 3-5 days. Thus, fertilization can still occur if intercourse takes place a few days before ovulation. In comparison, an oocyte can survive independently for only approximately 24 hours following ovulation

Levels of which hormone drop dramatically as the corpus luteum degenerates, triggering the onset of menses?

Progesterone

Which statement is true about the uterus?

The cervix projects into the vagina.

When and where does hCG get produced and for how long does it exert its effects?

Released during blastocyst phase of embryo development. Produced by the trophoblast which form the placenta The hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (better known as hCG) is produced during pregnancy. It is made by cells formed in the placenta, which nourishes the egg after it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall. The level will reach its peak in the first 8-11 weeks of pregnancy and then will decline and level off for the remainder of the pregnancy.

Spermatids

Secondary spermatocytes divide to form: spermatids

What is colostrum?

Solution rich in vitamin A, protein, and IgA antibodies for the first 3ish days. After, the traditional milk is produced

How long are sperm viable for following ejaculation? How long are oocytes viable for following ovulation?

Sperm: 1-3 days (although some sources say 3-5 days) 24-72 hours Oocytes: 1 day (12-24 hrs)

What is the name of the germ cell from which sperm arise

Spermatogonia -sperm is formed in the testes. each testis contains seminiferous tubules lined by an epithelium consisting of germ cells and supporting sustentacular (or Sertoli) cells

What is epigenetics?

Study of the changes in organisms caused by modification of genes -Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence — a change in phenotype without a change in genotype — which in turn affects how cells read the genes. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state.

The process of homologous pairing along the length of chromosomes during meiosis is known as?

Synapsis

When does an embryo become a fetus?

The 9th week after the missed period

Cortex of the ovary

The ovarian follicles are found in the cortex of the ovary

What is gene therapy?

The transplantation of normal genes in place of missing or defective genes (in order to correct genetic disorders)

Gametes are sperm and egg cells. What is unique about gametes vs all other cells?(genetic information)

They go through meiosis, resulting in 4 genetically different haploid cells

Uterus Functions

Uterus Function 1. serves as the site for implantation for the embryo 2. supports the developing embryo 3. contracts during birth to expel the fetus

What stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II?

When a sperm cell penetrates the oocyte membrane

female and male homologues

[ovaries and testes] [clitoris and glans] [labia majora and scrotum] [labia minora and body of penis] [greater vestibular gland and bulbourethral gland]

Estrogen is secreted by which of the following?

a. ovarian follicles (before ovulation) b. corpus luteum (after ovulation) c. placenta (during pregnancy)

In the male, what cells produce androgens?

interstitial cells

How would a radical prostatectomy alter a man's semen?

lower total volume and more alkaline