CH 28 HW, Pregnancy and Human Development, AP, CHAPTER 28- PREGNANCY, Anatomy Chapter 28 Pregnancy
An infant should normally be able to pull itself up and start waking by this time
12 months
how long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated
12-24 hours
Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall is complete by day ________ after ovulation.
14
This is the gestation period in humans from the last menstrual period
280 days/ 40 weeks
This apgar score represents a newborn with reduced function
4
In the developing fetus all body systems are present by
8 weeks
At what period of fetal development are all body systems present in at least rudimentary form?
8 weeks post fertilization
Explain what triggers a baby's first breath.
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood once the carbon dioxide is not being removed by the placenta causes acidosis. This excites respiratory control centers in the baby's brain and triggers the first inspiration.
_____________ extends from the last menstrual period until birth, approximately 280 days.
A gestation period
What is the definition of cleavage
A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth
Describe the events allowing monospermy.
A sperm entering the oocyte causes ionic calcium to be released into the oocyte cytoplasm, activating the oocyte and preparing it for cell division. This also causes the cortical granules to spill their contents into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida. Enzymes from the cortical granulus destroy sperm receptors, preventing further sperm entry. This spilled material binds with water, and as it swells, detaches all sperm still in contact with the oocyte membrane.
A 19-year-old, single, sexually active college student, who has not used birth control on a regular basis, is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She is at the OB/GYN clinic for her first prenatal visit. In assessing her nutrition, the nurse discovers that the patient drinks heavily on a regular basis, and also states that she does not like milk. What information should the nurse give the patient regarding nutrition?
ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT. The nurse should inform the patient to take multivitamins containing folic acid to reduce the risk of birth defects. The patient should increase her daily calorie intake by 300 calories to sustain proper fetal growth. The nurse should warn the patient that alcohol can cause serious permanent damage to the fetus.
Which of the following is not usually considered a teratogen?
ASPIRIN wine German measles thalidomide
Onset of labor may be a result of all of the following factors except ________.
ASPIRIN AND SIMILAR DRUGS secretion of oxytocin contraction-related increased emotional and physical stress high estrogen levelS
Describe the events of the oocyte from sperm penetration to first cleavage.
After sperm penetration, the oocyte completes meiosis II and releases the second polar body. The two nuclei swell into pronuclei and join each other to form a zygote. The cell then undergoes its first mitosis and cell division to form two daughter cells.
What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available?
Alveolar collapse
When a woman's water breaks just before delivery it is the ____ that rupture
Amnion
_____ is protective water-filled sac surrouding the embryo.
Amnion
Which of the following is not an extraembryonic membrane that forms during the first two to three weeks of development?
Amnion Allantois Yolk sac GASTRULA
When in the female is meiosis II completed?
At fertilization
The embryo implants in the uterus as a _____.
Blastocyte
Increased ___ stimulates the baby's first breath
Blood CO2 levels
This effect is possible if the sinus venosus does not contract first before the other areas of the primitive heart
Blood flows backwards
Define Braxton-Hicks contractions.
Braxton-Hicks contractions are the weak, irregular uterine contractions resulting from the increase in estrogen production. Estrogen causes oxytocin receptors to form on the myometrial cells of the uterus and antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on the uterine muscle. As a result, the myometrium becomes increasingly irritable, resulting in weak, irregular contractions.
Monospermy is ensured by the release of ______.
Calcium
________ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte
Capacitation
Which body system of a pregnant woman shows the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
Cardiovascular system
Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?
Cardiovascular system
Capacitation refers to ________.
Changes occuring in sperm before fertilization
Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta
Chorion
What structures form the placenta
Chorionic villi and decidua basalis
_____ is extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta.
Chorionic villus
Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ____ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat
Colostrum
What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization?
Cortical reaction
Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS-LIGAMENTUM TERES foramen ovale-fossa ovalis umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum
Forms the mothers part of the placenta
Decidua basalis
____ is part of the endometrium that destined to be a part of the placenta.
Decidua basalis
Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
Decidua capsularis
____ is part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.
Decidua capsularis
This change occurs in the pH of the stomach in the hours after birth
Decreases
What are the three components of somites?
Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome
What is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?
Dilation stage
Which of the following is not a germ layer?
EPIDERM mesoderm endoderm ectoderm
Often in neonatal care, health professionals look for the outward appearance of structures like the ears as indicators of internal organ development. Why might this be?
Ears form at the same time as certain internal organs and could indicate a malfunction of overall development during that time period.
Fingernails hair and glands all are derived from
Ectoderm
The neural tube and neural crest cells develop from
Ectoderm
During develop the conceptus is called an ____ from fertilization through week 8, and a _____ from week 9 through birth
Embryo; fetus
Glandular organs most likely arise from the _____, as they share secretory properties with the gut.
Endoderm
Which of the following is not a primary germ layer?
Endoderm GASTRODERM Ectoderm Mesoderm
The infant's head enters the true pelvis during this stage of labor.
Engagement
Which hormones stimulates the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus?
Estrogen
T OR F: A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect GH levels in a woman's blood or urine.
FALSE
T OR F: A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.
FALSE
T OR F: By 72 hours after fertilization, the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula.
FALSE
T OR F: Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.
FALSE
T OR F: Human placental lactogen initiates labor.
FALSE
T OR F: Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.
FALSE
T OR F: The sole responsibility of the placenta is to supply the fetus with oxygen and nutrients.
FALSE
The ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum teres after birth
False
At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
Fertilization
What does the foramen ovale become at birth?
Fossa ovalis
List four factors that help to precipitate parturition.
Four factors that help to precipitate parturition include: (1) estrogen peaks to its highest levels in the mother's blood, causing irregular uterine contractions due to oxytocin and negation of progesterone's influence on the uterine muscle; (2) prostaglandins are stimulated by the increase in oxytocin to act as uterine muscle stimulants; (3) increasing emotional and physical stressors activate the mother's hypothalamus, which signals oxytocin release; and (4) certain cells of the fetus begin to produce oxytocin, which in turn acts on the placenta, stimulating production and release of prostaglandins.
What is the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there?
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates ____ was successful
Implantation
A 30-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room. Her husband, who rode in the ambulance with her, said that she had suddenly complained of severe pain in the right iliac region of her abdomen and then had collapsed. Upon examination, she was shown to have signs of internal hemorrhage and her abdominal muscles were rigid. Her menstrual history revealed that she had missed her last menstrual period. A diagnosis of ruptured tubal, or ectopic, pregnancy was made and surgery scheduled. What is an ectopic pregnancy, and why is it problematic?
In an ectopic pregnancy, the embryo implants in any site other than the uterus. It is problematic because it is unable to establish a placenta or accommodate growth, and could cause the uterine tube to rupture.
How are the metabolic needs of the implanted embryo provided for?
Initially, the implanted embryo obtains nutrition by digesting the endometrial cells, but by the second month, the placenta is providing all the nourishment and oxygen the embryo requires. The placenta is also responsible for disposing of embryonic metabolic wastes.
Becomes the embryonic disc
Inner cell mass
What is true of the structure of the human placenta?
It is disc-shaped.
What does the ductus arteriosus become at birth
Ligamentum arteriosum
Which of the following is not an assisted reproductive technology procedure
MAP
Briefly describe the physiological changes occurring in the mother during pregnancy.
Many women suffer nausea until their systems become adjusted to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone. Heartburn is common due to displacement of the esophagus and crowding of the stomach by the growing fetus in the uterus. Additional wastes from fetal metabolism cause the production of more urine. Due to pressure on the bladder by the uterus, urination is more frequent. Tidal volume increases during pregnancy, as does respiratory rate. Residual volume decreases and many women exhibit dyspnea. Total body water rises, acting as a safeguard against blood loss during birth. Blood volume increases, blood pressure and pulse rise, and cardiac output increases.
Shortly after birth a newborn baby passes this greenish anal discharge
Meconium
________ is a tissue with star-shaped cells that are free to migrate widely throughout the embryo.
Mesenchyme
The notochord develops from the _____.
Mesoderm
Select the correct statement about fertilization.
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.
A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells
Morula
After fertilization a loose collection of cells forms in the uterine tube. This cluster of cells is called
Morula
What metabolic change does not occur in pregnant women
Negative calcium balance
The first major event in organogenesis is _____.
Neurulation
What is the first major event in organogenesis?
Neurulation
What is the true moment of fertilization
Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united
The corpus luteum is formed at the site of
Ovulation
What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor? -Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. -Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells. -Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors. -Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on uterine muscle.
Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.
Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except ________.
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE TROPHOBLAST CELLS adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining
A 28-year-old woman has been in the first stage of labor for several hours. Her uterine contractions are weak, and her labor is not progressing normally. Because the woman insists upon a vaginal delivery, the physician orders that pitocin (a synthetic oxytocin) be infused. What will be the effect of pitocin?
Pitocin will act on the placenta to release prostaglandins and will also act directly on the uterine wall to cause muscle contractions.
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the _____.
Placental tissue
During late pregnancy and during labor the release of oxytocin is regulated by
Positive feedback
Gastrulation starts when the _____ appears.
Primitive streak
Which hormone is responsible for increasing milk production
Prolactin
_______ stimulates milk production but ____- stimulates milk letdown
Prolactin, oxytocin
Chadwick's sign refers to what changes during pregnancy
Purplish hue of the vagina
During the development of the urinary system the cloaca becomes divided to form this
Rectum and urethra
What does the hormone relaxin promote? -Relaxin promotes enlargement of the breasts. -Relaxin promotes increased pigmentation of the facial skin of the nose and cheeks. -Relaxin imparts a purplish hue to the vagina. -Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.
Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.
Cells of the ____ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level
Sclerotome
This stage of labor is the time period between maximum cervical dilation until the baby exits the vagina
Second
Which of the following occurs 9-12 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period:
Sex is readily detected by observing the genitals.
Which fetal cells digest uterine cells?
Syncytiotrophoblasts
T OR F: A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.
TRUE
T OR F: A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.
TRUE
T OR F: An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion.
TRUE
T OR F: Conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring.
TRUE
T OR F: Freshly deposited sperm are not capable of penetrating an oocyte.
TRUE
T OR F: Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.
TRUE
T OR F: In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonaerated lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.
TRUE
T OR F: In humans, zonal inhibiting proteins destroy sperm receptors, preventing polyspermy.
TRUE
T OR F: Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts.
TRUE
T OR F: The "fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.
TRUE
T OR F: The birth control pill is the most common and most effective birth control method.
TRUE
T OR F: The body systems of the developing embryo are present in at least rudimentary form at eight weeks.
TRUE
T OR F: The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.
TRUE
T OR F: The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the eighth week.
TRUE
T OR F: The first major event in organogenesis is neurulation.
TRUE
T OR F: The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.
TRUE
T OR F: The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth.
TRUE
T OR F: While human chorionic gonadotropin levels spike and sharply decline to reach a low value by 4 months, estrogen and progesterone levels steadily increase over the course of the pregnancy.
TRUE
Which of the following statements about the acrosomal reaction is correct? -The acrosomal reactions of many sperm expose the sperm membrane. -The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida. -The decrease of Ca2+ levels within the sperm triggers the acrosomal reaction. -Binding of sperm to the sperm-binding receptors in the corona radiata causes the Ca2+ levels within the sperm to increase.
The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida.
The release of enzymes to digest holes through the zona pellucida is termed _____.
The acrosomal reaction
Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, including how it is nourished.
The blastocyst floats freely in the uterine cavity for three or four days, during which time it is nourished by uterine secretions. Six days after ovulation, implantation begins. The trophoblast determines the readiness of the endometrium for implantation. If the mucosa is prepared for implantation, the blastocyst becomes embedded high in the uterus.
Mrs. Phang, eight months pregnant with her first child, makes an appointment with her obstetrician to investigate the cause of vaginal bleeding. Because it is actually more "spotting" than frank bleeding, and painless, she is becoming worried. Ultrasound visualization of her abdomen shows that the placenta is formed across the internal os of the cervix, and she is ordered to her bed for the remainder of the pregnancy. What name is given to Mrs. Phang's condition? Why is it an extremely serious condition?
The condition is called placenta previa. It is an extremely serious condition because stretching of the uterus and cervix could cause tearing of the placenta.
The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by an outer capsule called
The corona radiata
Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place?
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.
The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?
The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.
Which of the following occurs 21-30 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period?
The eyes are open.
Why is it necessary to send some blood through the pulmonary circuit in a fetus?
The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth
Does Not develop from somites
The heart
A mother who has been nursing her infant for over seven months is beginning to have problems throughout the day with nausea. What might explain the nausea?
The mother was not taking birth control pills because she assumed that she could not get pregnant while nursing. This mother is probably pregnant again.
The patient is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She complains of feeling nauseated and has vomited on occasion. She tells the nurse that she did not have this with her first pregnancy. She asks the nurse, "What is causing this and when will it end?" How should the nurse respond?
The nausea is caused by elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen, and the nausea should end once her body adjusts to the increased hormone levels.
At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus?
The placenta is fully formed and functional as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ by the end of the third month of pregnancy.
A woman in her 24th week of pregnancy fails a glucose challenge test and is diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Once the baby is born, the woman's glucose regulation is back to normal. How can this be explained?
The placenta releases the hormone human placental lactogen, which interferes with glucose uptake
Which of the following statements about the events of fertilization is not true?
The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division. THE TWO PRONUCLEI DIVIDE. The head of the sperm forms the male pronucleus. Proteases and acrosin proteinases of the sperm disperse the cells of the corona radiata of the oocyte.
Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.
The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
Which statement best describes the result of binding and fusion of the sperm's membrane to the oocyte plasma membrane? -They cause an increase in Ca2+ levels within the sperm. -They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm. -They make the sperm's membrane more fragile. -They block multiple sperm from entering the oocyte.
They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm.
As the infant's head is forced against the cervix with each contraction, the cervix effaces, which means that it _______.
Thins
The major development of organ systems takes place at this time
Third to eighth week of development
Forms the chorion
Trophoblast
A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes
True
By the end of the embryonic period, at 8 weeks all the adult organ systems are recognizable
True
The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth
True
The total number of muscle fibers is established before birth and remains relatively constant thereafter
True
The lactation nurse visits a first-time mother six hours after her delivery of a healthy 8-pound boy. The patient is giving the baby boy a bottle of sugar water. She tells the lactation nurse that she does not seem to be producing milk. What should the nurse say to the patient?
True milk production will not start until two to three days after birth. During this delay, colostrum is produced. Continual milk production depends on mechanical stimulation of the nipples, normally provided by the suckling infant.
Nutrients are carried from the placenta into the fetus by the
Umbilical vein
The ligamentum teres is the remnant of the
Umbilical vein
When do we begin to call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?
We begin to call the developing individual a fetus at the beginning of the ninth week.
At time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the
Xiphoid process
What structure is enclosed by a tube of endoderm and develops into the primitive gut?
Yolk sac
_____ is site of early blood cell production and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).
Yolk sac
What prevents polyspermy by destroying the sperm receptors
ZIPs
The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ______.
Zygote, morula, blastocyst
Which of the following represents the correct chronological order
Zygote, morula, blastocyst
What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days? the conceptus a gestation period an embryo pregnancy
a gestation period
____ extends from last menstrual period until birth which is approximately 280 days
a gestation period
the result of polyspermy in humans ______
a non functional zygote
The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.
a nonfunctional zygote
In the developing fetus, all body systems are present by __________ . a. 8 weeks b. 12 weeks c. 20 weeks d. 40 weeks
a. 8 weeks
What is the definition of cleavage? a. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth b. The attachment and burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterus c. Formation of the placenta d. The transformation of the two-layered embryonic disc into a three-layered embryo
a. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth
Which hormone is responsible for increasing milk production? a. Prolactin b. Oxytocin c. Relaxin d. Progesterone
a. Prolactin
Which of the following represents the correct chronological order? a. Zygote, morula, blastocyst b. Zygote, blastocyst, morula c. Blastocyst, morula, zygote d. Morula, zygote, blastocyst
a. Zygote, morula, blastocyst
Capacitation refers to __________ . a. changes occurring in sperm before fertilization b. changes occurring in sperm during fertilization c. changes occurring in oocytes before fertilization d. changes occurring in oocytes after fertilization
a. changes occurring in sperm before fertilization
Glandular organs most likely arise from the _______, as they share secretory properties with the gut. a. endoderm b. ectoderm c. mesoderm d. notochord
a. endoderm
Gastrulation starts when the __________ appears. a. primitive streak b. notochord c. chorion d. yolk sac
a. primitive streak
All exchanges between mother and embryo occur ________.
across the chorionic membrane
What embryonic structure is the structural base for the umbilical cord?
allantois
Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches an embryonic structure with its function?
allantois/serves as the structural basis for the umbilical cord YOLK SAC/PROVIDES NUTRIENTS TO DEVELOPING EMBRYO chorion/forms baby's part of placenta amnion/protects embryo against physical trauma and helps maintain homeostatic temperature
What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available? alveolar collapse lung overinflation pneumothorax lung hyperinflation
alveolar collapse
Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that envelops the embryo? amnion chorion placenta yolk sac
amnion
During the process of implantation, the inner cell mass (ICM) gives rise to three embryonic membranes. Which of the following is not one of these membranes?
amnion yolk sac allantois CHORION
Once fertilization has occurred, the activities of development begin. The first such activity is ________.
an increase in cell number
what is not usually considered a teratogen
aspirin
Which of the following are the three components of somites? a. Dermatology, myofibril, scleroid coat b. Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome c. Splanchnic mesoderm, limb bud, coelom d. Metanephros, coelom, splanchnic
b. Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome
Which of the following is the first major event in organogenesis? a. Somite formation b. Neurulation c. Cardiovascular formation d. Urinary system development
b. Neurulation
Which fetal cells digest uterine cells? a. Chorioblasts b. Syncytiotrophoblasts c. Deciduoblasts d. Cytotrophoblasts
b. Syncytiotrophoblasts
What prevents polyspermy by destroying the sperm receptors? a. Ca2+ b. ZIPs c. Capacitation d. Acrosomal reaction
b. ZIPs
When a woman's "water breaks" just before delivery, it is the _______ that ruptures. a. allantois b. amnion c. yolk sac d. chorion
b. amnion
The embryo implants in the uterus as a __________ . a. zygote b. blastocyst c. morula d. gastrula
b. blastocyst
Monospermy is ensured by the release of __________ . a. beta proteins b. calcium c. iron d. alpha proteins
b. calcium
The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by an outer capsule called the __________ . a. acrosome b. corona radiata c. morula d. morula
b. corona radiata
During development, the conceptus is called a (an) _______ from fertilization through week 8, and a (an) _______ from week 9 through birth. a. baby; fertilized oocyte b. embryo; fetus c. fetus; embryo d. zygote; neonate
b. embryo; fetus
After successful implantation has occurred, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone that is secreted by the trophoblast cells called _______ . a. FSH b. hCG c. hCT d. hPL
b. hCG
The notochord develops from the __________ . a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. chorion
b. mesoderm
All of the following are metabolic changes that occur in pregnant women EXCEPT __________ . a. increase in metabolic rate b. negative calcium balance c. increase in fatty acid metabolism d. increase in hPL
b. negative calcium balance
During late pregnancy and during labor, the release of oxytocin is regulated by __________ . a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. the sympathetic nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system
b. positive feedback
Nutrients are carried from the placenta into the fetus by the __________ . a. umbilical artery b. umbilical vein c. ductus arteriosus d. ductus venosus
b. umbilical vein
The ligamentum teres is the remnant of the __________ . a. umbilical arteries b. umbilical vein c. ductus venosus d. ductus arteriosus
b. umbilical vein
Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium? morula blastocyst zygote oocyte
blastocyst
During the ________ stage of development, the human embryo implants in the uterine wall.
blastula
What organs appear very early in development?
brain and heart
Which of the following structures is derived from the ectoderm?
brain and spinal cord
When, in the female, is meiosis II completed? a. At birth b. During embryonic development c. At fertilization d. At puberty
c. At fertilization
Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta? a. Allantois b. Amnion c. Chorion d. Yolk sac
c. Chorion
The infant's head enters the true pelvis during this stage of labor. a. Crowning b. Effacement c. Engagement d. Presentation
c. Engagement
Which hormone stimulates the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus? a. Relaxin b. Progesterone c. Estrogen d. Prostaglandins
c. Estrogen
Which of the following develops into the embryonic disc? a. Cytotrophoblast b. Syncytiotrophoblast c. Inner cell mass d. Zona pellucida
c. Inner cell mass
Which of the following stages is the true moment of fertilization? a. When the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane b. Once the male pronucleus is present inside the oocyte c. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united d. When the zygote implants in the wall of the uterus
c. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united
Chadwick's sign refers to what changes during pregnancy? a. Increased pigmentation of facial skin b. Darkening of the areola c. Purplish hue of the vagina d. Lordosis and flaring of the ribs
c. Purplish hue of the vagina
Increased _______ stimulates the baby's first breath. a. light b. temperature c. blood CO2 levels d. physical contact
c. blood CO2 levels
The neural tube and neural crest cells develop from the __________ . a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. notoderm
c. ectoderm
After fertilization, a loose collection of cells forms in the uterine tube. This cluster of cells is called a __________ . a. blastomere b. blastocyst c. morula d. trophoblast
c. morula
The corpus luteum is formed at the site of _______. a. implantation b. fertilization c. ovulation d. parturition
c. ovulation
At the time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the __________ . a. diaphragm b. kidneys c. xiphoid process d. twelfth rib
c. xiphoid process
Sperm freshly deposited in the female vagina are incapable of fertilizing an egg. What must happen first?
capacitation
Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.
cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions
The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?
chorion
The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst form the ________, which extends elaborate villi into the blood-filled sinusoids of the uterine wall.
chorion
The blastocyst, or ________, consists of two distinct populations of cells.
chorionic vesicle
the blastocyst, or ________, consists of two distinct populations of cells.
chorionic vesicle
Which of the following is the correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo?
cleavage, morula, blastocyst, gastrula
what is the correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo
clevage morula blastocyst gastrula
The first "milk" the mother produces is called ________.
colostrum
Which term, by definition, includes all the other terms? conceptus zygote embryo fetus
conceptus
Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?
corpus luteum
What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization? capacitation acrosomal reaction gestation cortical reaction
cortical reaction
What is the major stimulus triggering parturition? a. Increased estrogen secretion from the uterus b. Increased oxytocin secretion from the mother's posterior pituitary gland c. Increase fetal cortisol secretion d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Breast-feeding provides several advantages to newborns. Which of the following is (are) (a) benefit(s) of breast-feeding? a. Breast milk, especially colostrum, is rich in maternal antibodies. b. The fat in breast milk is fully absorbed by the infant. c. Breast milk contains antimicrobial molecules. d. All of the above are benefits of breast-feeding.
d. All of the above are benefits of breast-feeding.
_______ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte. a. Maturation b. Ejaculation c. Activation d. Capacitation
d. Capacitation
Which of the following structures form the placenta? a. Chorionic villi and lacunae b. Decidua capsularis and decidua basalis c. Trophoblast and decidua capsularis d. Chorionic villi and decidua basalis
d. Chorionic villi and decidua basalis
How many sperm cells are required to break through the outer corona radiata of the oocyte for fertilization to occur? a. None b. One c. 20-30 d. Hundreds
d. Hundreds
How many days after ovulation does the conceptus implant on the uterine wall? a. One to two b. Three to four c. Four to five d. Six to seven
d. Six to seven
Why is it necessary to send some blood through the pulmonary circuit in a fetus? a. There is a small amount of oxygen exchange with the amniotic fluid in the fetal lungs. b. In order for the vessels to develop properly, they must experience blood flow. c. It isn't, as no blood passes through the pulmonary circuit until after birth. d. The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth.
d. The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth.
Which of the following structures is enclosed by a tube of endoderm and develops into the primitive gut? a. Amnion b. Somite c. Notochord d. Yolk sac
d. Yolk sac
Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to the _______ in the adult organism. a. skin b. nervous tissue c. epithelial lining of the gut d. both a and b
d. both a and b
The release of enzymes to digest holes through the zona pellucida is termed __________ . a. cleavage b. fertilization c. capacitation d. the acrosomal reaction
d. the acrosomal reaction
All of the following develop from somites EXCEPT __________ . a. vertebrae b. skeletal muscles c. the dermis d. the heart
d. the heart
What structure(s) ultimately form(s) the placenta?
decidua basalis and chorionic villi
what structures forms the placenta
decidua basilis and chronic villi
Initially, the implanted embryo obtains its nutrition by ________.
digestion of endometrial cells
Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?
dilation stage
Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more? expulsion stage placental stage dilation stage delivery stage
dilation stage
what is the longest stage of labor lasting 6-12 hours or more
dilation stage
Neural tissue develops from the ________.
ectoderm
Neural tissue is formed by the ________.
ectoderm
Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer from which all body organs derive?
ectoderm MESENCHYME endoderm mesoderm
Implantation involves ________.
embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall
Which of the following is a highly unlikely method of producing a child?
embryo transfer in vitro fertilization ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION gamete intrafallopian transfer
Which of the following is the primary germ layer that forms the basis for the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, and associated glands?
endoderm
Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.
endothelium of blood and lymph vessels
Derivatives of the ectoderm include ________.
epithelium of the pineal and pituitary glands
Derivatives of the ectoderm include ________.
epithelium of the pituitary and pineal glands
Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.
epithelium of the respiratory tract
During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
expulsion
In which stage of labor does crowning occur?
expulsion
in which stage of labor does crowning occur
expulsion
For the first few days after birth, the mammary glands secrete colostrum which is very high in fat content and lactose and contains few antibodies
false
a pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect GH levels in a womans blood or urine
false
Chorionic villi look like ________.
feathery extensions of the chorion in the uterine wall
Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? foramen ovale ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum ductus venosus
foramen ovale
Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
foramen ovale-fossa ovalis DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS-LIGAMENTUM TERES ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament
What does the foramen ovale become at birth?
fossa ovalis
what does the foramen ovale become at birth
fossa ovalis
The ________ stage of development is the first in which all three germ layers of tissue are evident.
gastrula
The three primary germ layers develop during this stage of human fetal development.
gastrula
The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________.
gastrulation
After successful implantation has occurred the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone that is secreted by the trophoblast cells called _____.
hCG
Which hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation? estrogen human placental lactogen hCG progesterone
hCG
Onset of labor may be a result of all of the following factors except ________.
high estrogen levels ASPIRIN AND SIMILAR DRUGS contraction-related increased emotional and physical stress secretion of oxytocin
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
which hormone maintains viability of corpus luteum
human chronic gonadotropin
Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?
human placental lactogen human chorionic thyrotropin INHIBIN relaxin
Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?
human placental lactogen relaxin human chorionic thyrotropin INHIBIN
Development progresses ________.
in rostral to caudal and proximal to distal directions
In what region of the uterus does implantation usually occur (as indicated by the position of the placenta)?
in the upper part of the uterus
The function of cleavage is to ________.
increase the number of cells forming the blastocyst
The human blastocyst consists of two populations of cells with different functions. Select the correct match between population and its function.
inner cell mass (ICM); forms the embryo and three of the four extraembryonic membranes
The decidua basalis is ________.
located between the developing embryo and the myometrium
The placenta is formed by ________.
maternal and fetal tissues
In the human, this germ cell layer gives rise to many of the organ systems, including the skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of GI organs, urinary system, and circulatory system.
mesoderm
Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.
mesoderm
Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score?
muscle tone heart rate TEMPERATURE respiration
The first axial support for the embryo is called the ________.
notochord
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?
nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
Teratogens may cause anatomical abnormalities in an embryo, but do not cause anatomical abnormalities in a pregnant woman because
organogenesis does not occur in adults
Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________.
oxytocin
Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?
oxytocin
The act of giving birth is called ________.
parturition
Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? placenta amnion chorion yolk sac
placenta
At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?
placental
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.
placental tissue
A dangerous complication of pregnancy called ____________ results in an insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs.
preeclampsia
Cells on the dorsal surface of the two-layered embryonic disc migrate to form a raised groove known as the ________.
primitive streak
As the newborn suckles, the mother's pituitary produces ________ to assist in producing milk.
prolactin
Which of the following serve(s) as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor? prostaglandins relaxin oxytocin progesterone
prostaglandins
The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________. -venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids -cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin -cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels -pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs
pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs
The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of:
pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs.
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.
relax the pubic symphysis
Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?
reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
Developmental events during weeks 9-12 include ________.
sex readily detected from the genitals
How many days after ovulation does the conceptus implant on the uterine wall
six to seven
Which cells invade the endometrium, digesting the uterine cells they contact, so that implantation of the blastocyst can occur?
syncytial trophoblast cells
what is not assessed as a part of the apgar score
temperature
what occurs 21-30 weeks into pregnancy during fetal period
the eyes are open
The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form ________.
the primitive streak
Shortly after implantation ________.
the trophoblast forms two distict layers
It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________.
they undergo capacitation
The ________ cells of the blastocyst will take part in placental formation.
trophoblast
This cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.
umbilical cord
Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the fetus.
umbilical vein
The umbilical arteries carry ________.
waste products to the placenta
what destroys the sperm receptors on the surface of the oocyte
zonal inhibiting proteins
After the egg is fertilized, it is called a(n) ________.
zygote
The fertilized egg is known as the ____________.
zygote
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
zygote, morula, blastocyst
