CH 28 HW, Pregnancy and Human Development, AP, CHAPTER 28- PREGNANCY, Anatomy Chapter 28 Pregnancy

An infant should normally be able to pull itself up and start waking by this time

12 months

how long is the egg viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated

12-24 hours

Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall is complete by day ________ after ovulation.

14

This is the gestation period in humans from the last menstrual period

280 days/ 40 weeks

This apgar score represents a newborn with reduced function

4

In the developing fetus all body systems are present by

8 weeks

At what period of fetal development are all body systems present in at least rudimentary form?

8 weeks post fertilization

Explain what triggers a baby's first breath.

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood once the carbon dioxide is not being removed by the placenta causes acidosis. This excites respiratory control centers in the baby's brain and triggers the first inspiration.

_____________ extends from the last menstrual period until birth, approximately 280 days.

A gestation period

What is the definition of cleavage

A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

Describe the events allowing monospermy.

A sperm entering the oocyte causes ionic calcium to be released into the oocyte cytoplasm, activating the oocyte and preparing it for cell division. This also causes the cortical granules to spill their contents into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida. Enzymes from the cortical granulus destroy sperm receptors, preventing further sperm entry. This spilled material binds with water, and as it swells, detaches all sperm still in contact with the oocyte membrane.

A 19-year-old, single, sexually active college student, who has not used birth control on a regular basis, is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She is at the OB/GYN clinic for her first prenatal visit. In assessing her nutrition, the nurse discovers that the patient drinks heavily on a regular basis, and also states that she does not like milk. What information should the nurse give the patient regarding nutrition?

ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT. The nurse should inform the patient to take multivitamins containing folic acid to reduce the risk of birth defects. The patient should increase her daily calorie intake by 300 calories to sustain proper fetal growth. The nurse should warn the patient that alcohol can cause serious permanent damage to the fetus.

Which of the following is not usually considered a teratogen?

ASPIRIN wine German measles thalidomide

Onset of labor may be a result of all of the following factors except ________.

ASPIRIN AND SIMILAR DRUGS secretion of oxytocin contraction-related increased emotional and physical stress high estrogen levelS

Describe the events of the oocyte from sperm penetration to first cleavage.

After sperm penetration, the oocyte completes meiosis II and releases the second polar body. The two nuclei swell into pronuclei and join each other to form a zygote. The cell then undergoes its first mitosis and cell division to form two daughter cells.

What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available?

Alveolar collapse

When a woman's water breaks just before delivery it is the ____ that rupture

Amnion

_____ is protective water-filled sac surrouding the embryo.

Amnion

Which of the following is not an extraembryonic membrane that forms during the first two to three weeks of development?

Amnion Allantois Yolk sac GASTRULA

When in the female is meiosis II completed?

At fertilization

The embryo implants in the uterus as a _____.

Blastocyte

Increased ___ stimulates the baby's first breath

Blood CO2 levels

This effect is possible if the sinus venosus does not contract first before the other areas of the primitive heart

Blood flows backwards

Define Braxton-Hicks contractions.

Braxton-Hicks contractions are the weak, irregular uterine contractions resulting from the increase in estrogen production. Estrogen causes oxytocin receptors to form on the myometrial cells of the uterus and antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on the uterine muscle. As a result, the myometrium becomes increasingly irritable, resulting in weak, irregular contractions.

Monospermy is ensured by the release of ______.

Calcium

________ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte

Capacitation

Which body system of a pregnant woman shows the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

Cardiovascular system

Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

Cardiovascular system

Capacitation refers to ________.

Changes occuring in sperm before fertilization

Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta

Chorion

What structures form the placenta

Chorionic villi and decidua basalis

_____ is extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm, and forms part of the placenta.

Chorionic villus

Prior to the let-down reflex, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ____ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat

Colostrum

What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization?

Cortical reaction

Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS-LIGAMENTUM TERES foramen ovale-fossa ovalis umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum

Forms the mothers part of the placenta

Decidua basalis

____ is part of the endometrium that destined to be a part of the placenta.

Decidua basalis

Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo

Decidua capsularis

____ is part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

Decidua capsularis

This change occurs in the pH of the stomach in the hours after birth

Decreases

What are the three components of somites?

Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

What is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?

Dilation stage

Which of the following is not a germ layer?

EPIDERM mesoderm endoderm ectoderm

Often in neonatal care, health professionals look for the outward appearance of structures like the ears as indicators of internal organ development. Why might this be?

Ears form at the same time as certain internal organs and could indicate a malfunction of overall development during that time period.

Fingernails hair and glands all are derived from

Ectoderm

The neural tube and neural crest cells develop from

Ectoderm

During develop the conceptus is called an ____ from fertilization through week 8, and a _____ from week 9 through birth

Embryo; fetus

Glandular organs most likely arise from the _____, as they share secretory properties with the gut.

Endoderm

Which of the following is not a primary germ layer?

Endoderm GASTRODERM Ectoderm Mesoderm

The infant's head enters the true pelvis during this stage of labor.

Engagement

Which hormones stimulates the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus?

Estrogen

T OR F: A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect GH levels in a woman's blood or urine.

FALSE

T OR F: A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

FALSE

T OR F: By 72 hours after fertilization, the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula.

FALSE

T OR F: Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.

FALSE

T OR F: Human placental lactogen initiates labor.

FALSE

T OR F: Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.

FALSE

T OR F: The sole responsibility of the placenta is to supply the fetus with oxygen and nutrients.

FALSE

The ductus arteriosus becomes the ligamentum teres after birth

False

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

Fertilization

What does the foramen ovale become at birth?

Fossa ovalis

List four factors that help to precipitate parturition.

Four factors that help to precipitate parturition include: (1) estrogen peaks to its highest levels in the mother's blood, causing irregular uterine contractions due to oxytocin and negation of progesterone's influence on the uterine muscle; (2) prostaglandins are stimulated by the increase in oxytocin to act as uterine muscle stimulants; (3) increasing emotional and physical stressors activate the mother's hypothalamus, which signals oxytocin release; and (4) certain cells of the fetus begin to produce oxytocin, which in turn acts on the placenta, stimulating production and release of prostaglandins.

What is the transfer of sperm and harvested oocytes together into the woman's uterine tubes in the hopes that fertilization will take place there?

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This indicates ____ was successful

Implantation

A 30-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room. Her husband, who rode in the ambulance with her, said that she had suddenly complained of severe pain in the right iliac region of her abdomen and then had collapsed. Upon examination, she was shown to have signs of internal hemorrhage and her abdominal muscles were rigid. Her menstrual history revealed that she had missed her last menstrual period. A diagnosis of ruptured tubal, or ectopic, pregnancy was made and surgery scheduled. What is an ectopic pregnancy, and why is it problematic?

In an ectopic pregnancy, the embryo implants in any site other than the uterus. It is problematic because it is unable to establish a placenta or accommodate growth, and could cause the uterine tube to rupture.

How are the metabolic needs of the implanted embryo provided for?

Initially, the implanted embryo obtains nutrition by digesting the endometrial cells, but by the second month, the placenta is providing all the nourishment and oxygen the embryo requires. The placenta is also responsible for disposing of embryonic metabolic wastes.

Becomes the embryonic disc

Inner cell mass

What is true of the structure of the human placenta?

It is disc-shaped.

What does the ductus arteriosus become at birth

Ligamentum arteriosum

Which of the following is not an assisted reproductive technology procedure

MAP

Briefly describe the physiological changes occurring in the mother during pregnancy.

Many women suffer nausea until their systems become adjusted to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone. Heartburn is common due to displacement of the esophagus and crowding of the stomach by the growing fetus in the uterus. Additional wastes from fetal metabolism cause the production of more urine. Due to pressure on the bladder by the uterus, urination is more frequent. Tidal volume increases during pregnancy, as does respiratory rate. Residual volume decreases and many women exhibit dyspnea. Total body water rises, acting as a safeguard against blood loss during birth. Blood volume increases, blood pressure and pulse rise, and cardiac output increases.

Shortly after birth a newborn baby passes this greenish anal discharge

Meconium

________ is a tissue with star-shaped cells that are free to migrate widely throughout the embryo.

Mesenchyme

The notochord develops from the _____.

Mesoderm

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells

Morula

After fertilization a loose collection of cells forms in the uterine tube. This cluster of cells is called

Morula

What metabolic change does not occur in pregnant women

Negative calcium balance

The first major event in organogenesis is _____.

Neurulation

What is the first major event in organogenesis?

Neurulation

What is the true moment of fertilization

Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united

The corpus luteum is formed at the site of

Ovulation

What role does oxytocin play in promoting labor? -Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. -Oxytocin promotes the formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells. -Oxytocin stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form oxytocin receptors. -Oxytocin antagonizes progesterone's quieting influence on uterine muscle.

Oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract.

Implantation of the blastocyst is the result of all of the following except ________.

PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE TROPHOBLAST CELLS adherence of the trophoblast cells to the endometrium proteolytic enzymes produced by the trophoblast cells settling of the blastocyst onto the prepared uterine lining

A 28-year-old woman has been in the first stage of labor for several hours. Her uterine contractions are weak, and her labor is not progressing normally. Because the woman insists upon a vaginal delivery, the physician orders that pitocin (a synthetic oxytocin) be infused. What will be the effect of pitocin?

Pitocin will act on the placenta to release prostaglandins and will also act directly on the uterine wall to cause muscle contractions.

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the _____.

Placental tissue

During late pregnancy and during labor the release of oxytocin is regulated by

Positive feedback

Gastrulation starts when the _____ appears.

Primitive streak

Which hormone is responsible for increasing milk production

Prolactin

_______ stimulates milk production but ____- stimulates milk letdown

Prolactin, oxytocin

Chadwick's sign refers to what changes during pregnancy

Purplish hue of the vagina

During the development of the urinary system the cloaca becomes divided to form this

Rectum and urethra

What does the hormone relaxin promote? -Relaxin promotes enlargement of the breasts. -Relaxin promotes increased pigmentation of the facial skin of the nose and cheeks. -Relaxin imparts a purplish hue to the vagina. -Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.

Relaxin promotes the widening and increased flexibility of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis.

Cells of the ____ gather around the notochord and neural tube and produce the vertebra and rib at their associated level

Sclerotome

This stage of labor is the time period between maximum cervical dilation until the baby exits the vagina

Second

Which of the following occurs 9-12 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period:

Sex is readily detected by observing the genitals.

Which fetal cells digest uterine cells?

Syncytiotrophoblasts

T OR F: A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

TRUE

T OR F: A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.

TRUE

T OR F: An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion.

TRUE

T OR F: Conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring.

TRUE

T OR F: Freshly deposited sperm are not capable of penetrating an oocyte.

TRUE

T OR F: Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.

TRUE

T OR F: In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonaerated lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.

TRUE

T OR F: In humans, zonal inhibiting proteins destroy sperm receptors, preventing polyspermy.

TRUE

T OR F: Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts.

TRUE

T OR F: The "fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

TRUE

T OR F: The birth control pill is the most common and most effective birth control method.

TRUE

T OR F: The body systems of the developing embryo are present in at least rudimentary form at eight weeks.

TRUE

T OR F: The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.

TRUE

T OR F: The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the eighth week.

TRUE

T OR F: The first major event in organogenesis is neurulation.

TRUE

T OR F: The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

TRUE

T OR F: The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth.

TRUE

T OR F: While human chorionic gonadotropin levels spike and sharply decline to reach a low value by 4 months, estrogen and progesterone levels steadily increase over the course of the pregnancy.

TRUE

Which of the following statements about the acrosomal reaction is correct? -The acrosomal reactions of many sperm expose the sperm membrane. -The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida. -The decrease of Ca2+ levels within the sperm triggers the acrosomal reaction. -Binding of sperm to the sperm-binding receptors in the corona radiata causes the Ca2+ levels within the sperm to increase.

The acrosomal enzymes released from many sperm digest holes through the zona pellucida.

The release of enzymes to digest holes through the zona pellucida is termed _____.

The acrosomal reaction

Briefly describe the events leading to the implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus, including how it is nourished.

The blastocyst floats freely in the uterine cavity for three or four days, during which time it is nourished by uterine secretions. Six days after ovulation, implantation begins. The trophoblast determines the readiness of the endometrium for implantation. If the mucosa is prepared for implantation, the blastocyst becomes embedded high in the uterus.

Mrs. Phang, eight months pregnant with her first child, makes an appointment with her obstetrician to investigate the cause of vaginal bleeding. Because it is actually more "spotting" than frank bleeding, and painless, she is becoming worried. Ultrasound visualization of her abdomen shows that the placenta is formed across the internal os of the cervix, and she is ordered to her bed for the remainder of the pregnancy. What name is given to Mrs. Phang's condition? Why is it an extremely serious condition?

The condition is called placenta previa. It is an extremely serious condition because stretching of the uterus and cervix could cause tearing of the placenta.

The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by an outer capsule called

The corona radiata

Which of the choices below occurs if fertilization of the ovum occurs and implantation takes place?

The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath. Which of the following is also true?

The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.

Which of the following occurs 21-30 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period?

The eyes are open.

Why is it necessary to send some blood through the pulmonary circuit in a fetus?

The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth

Does Not develop from somites

The heart

A mother who has been nursing her infant for over seven months is beginning to have problems throughout the day with nausea. What might explain the nausea?

The mother was not taking birth control pills because she assumed that she could not get pregnant while nursing. This mother is probably pregnant again.

The patient is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She complains of feeling nauseated and has vomited on occasion. She tells the nurse that she did not have this with her first pregnancy. She asks the nurse, "What is causing this and when will it end?" How should the nurse respond?

The nausea is caused by elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen, and the nausea should end once her body adjusts to the increased hormone levels.

At what time in the pregnancy is the placenta fully prepared to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus?

The placenta is fully formed and functional as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ by the end of the third month of pregnancy.

A woman in her 24th week of pregnancy fails a glucose challenge test and is diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Once the baby is born, the woman's glucose regulation is back to normal. How can this be explained?

The placenta releases the hormone human placental lactogen, which interferes with glucose uptake

Which of the following statements about the events of fertilization is not true?

The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division. THE TWO PRONUCLEI DIVIDE. The head of the sperm forms the male pronucleus. Proteases and acrosin proteinases of the sperm disperse the cells of the corona radiata of the oocyte.

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.

The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.

Proteases and acrosin are enzymes. How do they function in reproduction?

They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.

Which statement best describes the result of binding and fusion of the sperm's membrane to the oocyte plasma membrane? -They cause an increase in Ca2+ levels within the sperm. -They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm. -They make the sperm's membrane more fragile. -They block multiple sperm from entering the oocyte.

They allow the contents of the sperm to enter the oocyte cytoplasm.

As the infant's head is forced against the cervix with each contraction, the cervix effaces, which means that it _______.

Thins

The major development of organ systems takes place at this time

Third to eighth week of development

Forms the chorion

Trophoblast

A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes

True

By the end of the embryonic period, at 8 weeks all the adult organ systems are recognizable

True

The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth

True

The total number of muscle fibers is established before birth and remains relatively constant thereafter

True

The lactation nurse visits a first-time mother six hours after her delivery of a healthy 8-pound boy. The patient is giving the baby boy a bottle of sugar water. She tells the lactation nurse that she does not seem to be producing milk. What should the nurse say to the patient?

True milk production will not start until two to three days after birth. During this delay, colostrum is produced. Continual milk production depends on mechanical stimulation of the nipples, normally provided by the suckling infant.

Nutrients are carried from the placenta into the fetus by the

Umbilical vein

The ligamentum teres is the remnant of the

Umbilical vein

When do we begin to call the developing individual a fetus rather than an embryo?

We begin to call the developing individual a fetus at the beginning of the ninth week.

At time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the

Xiphoid process

What structure is enclosed by a tube of endoderm and develops into the primitive gut?

Yolk sac

_____ is site of early blood cell production and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).

Yolk sac

What prevents polyspermy by destroying the sperm receptors

ZIPs

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ______.

Zygote, morula, blastocyst

Which of the following represents the correct chronological order

Zygote, morula, blastocyst

What is the name for the period of time that extends from the last menstrual period until birth, which is approximately 280 days? the conceptus a gestation period an embryo pregnancy

a gestation period

____ extends from last menstrual period until birth which is approximately 280 days

a gestation period

the result of polyspermy in humans ______

a non functional zygote

The result of polyspermy in humans is ________.

a nonfunctional zygote

In the developing fetus, all body systems are present by __________ . a. 8 weeks b. 12 weeks c. 20 weeks d. 40 weeks

a. 8 weeks

What is the definition of cleavage? a. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth b. The attachment and burrowing of the blastocyst into the uterus c. Formation of the placenta d. The transformation of the two-layered embryonic disc into a three-layered embryo

a. A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth

Which hormone is responsible for increasing milk production? a. Prolactin b. Oxytocin c. Relaxin d. Progesterone

a. Prolactin

Which of the following represents the correct chronological order? a. Zygote, morula, blastocyst b. Zygote, blastocyst, morula c. Blastocyst, morula, zygote d. Morula, zygote, blastocyst

a. Zygote, morula, blastocyst

Capacitation refers to __________ . a. changes occurring in sperm before fertilization b. changes occurring in sperm during fertilization c. changes occurring in oocytes before fertilization d. changes occurring in oocytes after fertilization

a. changes occurring in sperm before fertilization

Glandular organs most likely arise from the _______, as they share secretory properties with the gut. a. endoderm b. ectoderm c. mesoderm d. notochord

a. endoderm

Gastrulation starts when the __________ appears. a. primitive streak b. notochord c. chorion d. yolk sac

a. primitive streak

All exchanges between mother and embryo occur ________.

across the chorionic membrane

What embryonic structure is the structural base for the umbilical cord?

allantois

Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches an embryonic structure with its function?

allantois/serves as the structural basis for the umbilical cord YOLK SAC/PROVIDES NUTRIENTS TO DEVELOPING EMBRYO chorion/forms baby's part of placenta amnion/protects embryo against physical trauma and helps maintain homeostatic temperature

What would happen in a premature infant if insufficient surfactant were available? alveolar collapse lung overinflation pneumothorax lung hyperinflation

alveolar collapse

Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that envelops the embryo? amnion chorion placenta yolk sac

amnion

During the process of implantation, the inner cell mass (ICM) gives rise to three embryonic membranes. Which of the following is not one of these membranes?

amnion yolk sac allantois CHORION

Once fertilization has occurred, the activities of development begin. The first such activity is ________.

an increase in cell number

what is not usually considered a teratogen

aspirin

Which of the following are the three components of somites? a. Dermatology, myofibril, scleroid coat b. Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome c. Splanchnic mesoderm, limb bud, coelom d. Metanephros, coelom, splanchnic

b. Dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

Which of the following is the first major event in organogenesis? a. Somite formation b. Neurulation c. Cardiovascular formation d. Urinary system development

b. Neurulation

Which fetal cells digest uterine cells? a. Chorioblasts b. Syncytiotrophoblasts c. Deciduoblasts d. Cytotrophoblasts

b. Syncytiotrophoblasts

What prevents polyspermy by destroying the sperm receptors? a. Ca2+ b. ZIPs c. Capacitation d. Acrosomal reaction

b. ZIPs

When a woman's "water breaks" just before delivery, it is the _______ that ruptures. a. allantois b. amnion c. yolk sac d. chorion

b. amnion

The embryo implants in the uterus as a __________ . a. zygote b. blastocyst c. morula d. gastrula

b. blastocyst

Monospermy is ensured by the release of __________ . a. beta proteins b. calcium c. iron d. alpha proteins

b. calcium

The ovulated oocyte is surrounded by an outer capsule called the __________ . a. acrosome b. corona radiata c. morula d. morula

b. corona radiata

During development, the conceptus is called a (an) _______ from fertilization through week 8, and a (an) _______ from week 9 through birth. a. baby; fertilized oocyte b. embryo; fetus c. fetus; embryo d. zygote; neonate

b. embryo; fetus

After successful implantation has occurred, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone that is secreted by the trophoblast cells called _______ . a. FSH b. hCG c. hCT d. hPL

b. hCG

The notochord develops from the __________ . a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. chorion

b. mesoderm

All of the following are metabolic changes that occur in pregnant women EXCEPT __________ . a. increase in metabolic rate b. negative calcium balance c. increase in fatty acid metabolism d. increase in hPL

b. negative calcium balance

During late pregnancy and during labor, the release of oxytocin is regulated by __________ . a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. the sympathetic nervous system d. the parasympathetic nervous system

b. positive feedback

Nutrients are carried from the placenta into the fetus by the __________ . a. umbilical artery b. umbilical vein c. ductus arteriosus d. ductus venosus

b. umbilical vein

The ligamentum teres is the remnant of the __________ . a. umbilical arteries b. umbilical vein c. ductus venosus d. ductus arteriosus

b. umbilical vein

Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium? morula blastocyst zygote oocyte

blastocyst

During the ________ stage of development, the human embryo implants in the uterine wall.

blastula

What organs appear very early in development?

brain and heart

Which of the following structures is derived from the ectoderm?

brain and spinal cord

When, in the female, is meiosis II completed? a. At birth b. During embryonic development c. At fertilization d. At puberty

c. At fertilization

Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the formation of the placenta? a. Allantois b. Amnion c. Chorion d. Yolk sac

c. Chorion

The infant's head enters the true pelvis during this stage of labor. a. Crowning b. Effacement c. Engagement d. Presentation

c. Engagement

Which hormone stimulates the formation of oxytocin receptors on the uterus? a. Relaxin b. Progesterone c. Estrogen d. Prostaglandins

c. Estrogen

Which of the following develops into the embryonic disc? a. Cytotrophoblast b. Syncytiotrophoblast c. Inner cell mass d. Zona pellucida

c. Inner cell mass

Which of the following stages is the true moment of fertilization? a. When the sperm penetrates the oocyte membrane b. Once the male pronucleus is present inside the oocyte c. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united d. When the zygote implants in the wall of the uterus

c. Once the chromosomes of the male and female pronucleus are united

Chadwick's sign refers to what changes during pregnancy? a. Increased pigmentation of facial skin b. Darkening of the areola c. Purplish hue of the vagina d. Lordosis and flaring of the ribs

c. Purplish hue of the vagina

Increased _______ stimulates the baby's first breath. a. light b. temperature c. blood CO2 levels d. physical contact

c. blood CO2 levels

The neural tube and neural crest cells develop from the __________ . a. endoderm b. mesoderm c. ectoderm d. notoderm

c. ectoderm

After fertilization, a loose collection of cells forms in the uterine tube. This cluster of cells is called a __________ . a. blastomere b. blastocyst c. morula d. trophoblast

c. morula

The corpus luteum is formed at the site of _______. a. implantation b. fertilization c. ovulation d. parturition

c. ovulation

At the time of birth, the uterus has enlarged to the level of the __________ . a. diaphragm b. kidneys c. xiphoid process d. twelfth rib

c. xiphoid process

Sperm freshly deposited in the female vagina are incapable of fertilizing an egg. What must happen first?

capacitation

Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.

cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

chorion

The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst form the ________, which extends elaborate villi into the blood-filled sinusoids of the uterine wall.

chorion

The blastocyst, or ________, consists of two distinct populations of cells.

chorionic vesicle

the blastocyst, or ________, consists of two distinct populations of cells.

chorionic vesicle

Which of the following is the correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo?

cleavage, morula, blastocyst, gastrula

what is the correct sequence of development from zygote to embryo

clevage morula blastocyst gastrula

The first "milk" the mother produces is called ________.

colostrum

Which term, by definition, includes all the other terms? conceptus zygote embryo fetus

conceptus

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?

corpus luteum

What reaction prevents more than one sperm from binding to an oocyte during fertilization? capacitation acrosomal reaction gestation cortical reaction

cortical reaction

What is the major stimulus triggering parturition? a. Increased estrogen secretion from the uterus b. Increased oxytocin secretion from the mother's posterior pituitary gland c. Increase fetal cortisol secretion d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Breast-feeding provides several advantages to newborns. Which of the following is (are) (a) benefit(s) of breast-feeding? a. Breast milk, especially colostrum, is rich in maternal antibodies. b. The fat in breast milk is fully absorbed by the infant. c. Breast milk contains antimicrobial molecules. d. All of the above are benefits of breast-feeding.

d. All of the above are benefits of breast-feeding.

_______ is the process by which sperm become capable of penetrating the oocyte. a. Maturation b. Ejaculation c. Activation d. Capacitation

d. Capacitation

Which of the following structures form the placenta? a. Chorionic villi and lacunae b. Decidua capsularis and decidua basalis c. Trophoblast and decidua capsularis d. Chorionic villi and decidua basalis

d. Chorionic villi and decidua basalis

How many sperm cells are required to break through the outer corona radiata of the oocyte for fertilization to occur? a. None b. One c. 20-30 d. Hundreds

d. Hundreds

How many days after ovulation does the conceptus implant on the uterine wall? a. One to two b. Three to four c. Four to five d. Six to seven

d. Six to seven

Why is it necessary to send some blood through the pulmonary circuit in a fetus? a. There is a small amount of oxygen exchange with the amniotic fluid in the fetal lungs. b. In order for the vessels to develop properly, they must experience blood flow. c. It isn't, as no blood passes through the pulmonary circuit until after birth. d. The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth.

d. The fetal lung tissue requires oxygen to allow for lung tissue development and growth.

Which of the following structures is enclosed by a tube of endoderm and develops into the primitive gut? a. Amnion b. Somite c. Notochord d. Yolk sac

d. Yolk sac

Embryonic ectoderm gives rise to the _______ in the adult organism. a. skin b. nervous tissue c. epithelial lining of the gut d. both a and b

d. both a and b

The release of enzymes to digest holes through the zona pellucida is termed __________ . a. cleavage b. fertilization c. capacitation d. the acrosomal reaction

d. the acrosomal reaction

All of the following develop from somites EXCEPT __________ . a. vertebrae b. skeletal muscles c. the dermis d. the heart

d. the heart

What structure(s) ultimately form(s) the placenta?

decidua basalis and chorionic villi

what structures forms the placenta

decidua basilis and chronic villi

Initially, the implanted embryo obtains its nutrition by ________.

digestion of endometrial cells

Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more?

dilation stage

Which of the following is the longest stage of labor, lasting 6-12 hours or more? expulsion stage placental stage dilation stage delivery stage

dilation stage

what is the longest stage of labor lasting 6-12 hours or more

dilation stage

Neural tissue develops from the ________.

ectoderm

Neural tissue is formed by the ________.

ectoderm

Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer from which all body organs derive?

ectoderm MESENCHYME endoderm mesoderm

Implantation involves ________.

embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall

Which of the following is a highly unlikely method of producing a child?

embryo transfer in vitro fertilization ECTOPIC IMPLANTATION gamete intrafallopian transfer

Which of the following is the primary germ layer that forms the basis for the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, and associated glands?

endoderm

Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.

endothelium of blood and lymph vessels

Derivatives of the ectoderm include ________.

epithelium of the pineal and pituitary glands

Derivatives of the ectoderm include ________.

epithelium of the pituitary and pineal glands

Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.

epithelium of the respiratory tract

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

expulsion

In which stage of labor does crowning occur?

expulsion

in which stage of labor does crowning occur

expulsion

For the first few days after birth, the mammary glands secrete colostrum which is very high in fat content and lactose and contains few antibodies

false

a pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect GH levels in a womans blood or urine

false

Chorionic villi look like ________.

feathery extensions of the chorion in the uterine wall

Which fetal vascular shunt directly connects the right atrium to the left atrium so as to bypass the nonfunctional lungs? foramen ovale ductus arteriosus ligamentum arteriosum ductus venosus

foramen ovale

Which of the following is not a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

foramen ovale-fossa ovalis DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS-LIGAMENTUM TERES ductus venosus-ligamentum venosum umbilical arteries-medial umbilical ligament

What does the foramen ovale become at birth?

fossa ovalis

what does the foramen ovale become at birth

fossa ovalis

The ________ stage of development is the first in which all three germ layers of tissue are evident.

gastrula

The three primary germ layers develop during this stage of human fetal development.

gastrula

The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________.

gastrulation

After successful implantation has occurred the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone that is secreted by the trophoblast cells called _____.

hCG

Which hormone is required to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation? estrogen human placental lactogen hCG progesterone

hCG

Onset of labor may be a result of all of the following factors except ________.

high estrogen levels ASPIRIN AND SIMILAR DRUGS contraction-related increased emotional and physical stress secretion of oxytocin

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

human chorionic gonadotropin

which hormone maintains viability of corpus luteum

human chronic gonadotropin

Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?

human placental lactogen human chorionic thyrotropin INHIBIN relaxin

Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?

human placental lactogen relaxin human chorionic thyrotropin INHIBIN

Development progresses ________.

in rostral to caudal and proximal to distal directions

In what region of the uterus does implantation usually occur (as indicated by the position of the placenta)?

in the upper part of the uterus

The function of cleavage is to ________.

increase the number of cells forming the blastocyst

The human blastocyst consists of two populations of cells with different functions. Select the correct match between population and its function.

inner cell mass (ICM); forms the embryo and three of the four extraembryonic membranes

The decidua basalis is ________.

located between the developing embryo and the myometrium

The placenta is formed by ________.

maternal and fetal tissues

In the human, this germ cell layer gives rise to many of the organ systems, including the skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of GI organs, urinary system, and circulatory system.

mesoderm

Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.

mesoderm

Which of the following is not assessed as part of the Apgar score?

muscle tone heart rate TEMPERATURE respiration

The first axial support for the embryo is called the ________.

notochord

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?

nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol

Teratogens may cause anatomical abnormalities in an embryo, but do not cause anatomical abnormalities in a pregnant woman because

organogenesis does not occur in adults

Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________.

oxytocin

Milk ejection or letdown reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

oxytocin

The act of giving birth is called ________.

parturition

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form? placenta amnion chorion yolk sac

placenta

At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?

placental

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.

placental tissue

A dangerous complication of pregnancy called ____________ results in an insufficient placental blood supply, which can starve a fetus of oxygen. The pregnant woman becomes edematous and hypertensive, and proteinuria occurs.

preeclampsia

Cells on the dorsal surface of the two-layered embryonic disc migrate to form a raised groove known as the ________.

primitive streak

As the newborn suckles, the mother's pituitary produces ________ to assist in producing milk.

prolactin

Which of the following serve(s) as the trigger to begin the vigorous, rhythmic contractions of true labor? prostaglandins relaxin oxytocin progesterone

prostaglandins

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of __________. -venous shunts, which serve to bypass the liver sinusoids -cells of the somatic mesoderm, which help to form the dermis of the skin -cells of the mesoderm that form the heart and blood vessels -pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus are both examples of:

pulmonary bypass shunts, which serve to bypass the lungs.

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to ________.

relax the pubic symphysis

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella. What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes

Developmental events during weeks 9-12 include ________.

sex readily detected from the genitals

How many days after ovulation does the conceptus implant on the uterine wall

six to seven

Which cells invade the endometrium, digesting the uterine cells they contact, so that implantation of the blastocyst can occur?

syncytial trophoblast cells

what is not assessed as a part of the apgar score

temperature

what occurs 21-30 weeks into pregnancy during fetal period

the eyes are open

The dorsal surface cells of the inner cell mass form ________.

the primitive streak

Shortly after implantation ________.

the trophoblast forms two distict layers

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until after ________.

they undergo capacitation

The ________ cells of the blastocyst will take part in placental formation.

trophoblast

This cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.

umbilical cord

Name the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the fetus.

umbilical vein

The umbilical arteries carry ________.

waste products to the placenta

what destroys the sperm receptors on the surface of the oocyte

zonal inhibiting proteins

After the egg is fertilized, it is called a(n) ________.

zygote

The fertilized egg is known as the ____________.

zygote

They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.

zygote, morula, blastocyst