30 years' war
What do some Protestant princes do during the French phase?
join the Holy Roman Emperor
When was the 30 years war fought?
1618-1648
After the French enter the war what occurs?
A stalemate of sorts, neither side having enough power to knock the other out until 1643
Edict of Restitution- Define
All Protestant land was given back to the Catholics, hence being "restored" Only Catholicism and Lutheranism was allowed
What were the four phases of the Thirty Years War?
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French
Frederick V was the new ____ prince
Calvinist
Who subsidizes the Swedish?
Cardinal Richelieu
What occurs at the Battle of WhiteMountain? Who gains the upperhand?
Catholic forces crush the Protestants. The Jesuits attempt to win over Protestants who weren't fighting.
What rule regarding church lands angered Protestants?
Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches where they hadn't already existed
During which phase was the Edict of Restitution put in place?
Danish phase
During which phase did the Habsburgs peak?
Danish phase (1630)
What occurs after Adolphus' death?
Defeatism in Sweden
The Holy Roman Emperor, _____, used funds of the _____ ____ and the ______ ____ to build an army. Fill in the blanks.
Ferdinand II Catholic League Spanish Habsburgs
Who were the main characters in the French phase?
Ferdinand II Wallenstein
Who were the main characters in the Bohemian phase?
Frederick V Ferdinand II Wallenstein
How did the 30 years war affect Ferdinand II?
He lost political power
Who was Albrecht von Wallenstein?
He was born a Czech Protestant, however when the Thirty Years' War came around he offered his services to the Holy Roman Emperor (obviously on the Catholic side), angling for land and titles. He was a great leader of the Catholics but ended up murdered by his own mercenaries after attempting retaliation for his dismissal.
Who was Rudolph II?
Holy Roman Emperor (Also King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria), a member of the Habsburgs. His Letter of Majesty was partly a cause of the Thirty Years' War
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
It ended the Thirty Years' War, upheld the Peace of Augsburg, but added calvinism, nullified the Edict of Restitution
What was the Letter of Majesty?
It was issued by Rudolf in 1609 and it granted freedom of religion (to all statuses), but he died before it was put into effect and oppression followed
What were the major events of the Danish phase?
King Christian IV of Denmark enters the war in aid of the Protestants (although his army is ineffective) The Edict of Restitution The Habsburg's Peak
Who were the main characters in the Swedish phase?
King Gustavus Adolphus Wallenstein Cardinal Richelieu
What were the major events of the Swedish phase?
King Gustavus Adolphus comes into the war to help the protestants and to expand (is subsidized by the French). He is successful Wallenstein returns Adolphus dies and the Swedes+defeatism
What did some think caused the war? (This was disallowed in treaties as part of the Peace of Westphalia)
Papal meddling in German religious affairs
What was the majority religion in Bohemia? (Protestants versus Catholics)
Protestantism
Which was a more united group- the Catholics or the protestants?
The Catholics, because the Protestants were fragmented
What event sparked the Thirty Years' War?
The Defenestration of Prague
What was the short-term cause of the 30 years war?
The Defenestration of Prague
Who was Ferdinand II?
The Holy Roman Emperor
What was Wallenstein's relationship with the Emperor?
The Holy Roman Emperor reluctantly commission him. He ran wild, pillaging, and looting with no control from the Emperor. During the Bohemian phase, he was triumphant, but after becoming unruly the Emperor was regretting his decision. During the Swedish phase, the Emperor was forced to call on him for assistance, but in the French phase he is dismissed. He attempts to turn on the Emperor but is killed by his own mercenaries.
What king was deposed and whom was he replaced by?
The King of Bohemia was replaced by the Protestants with the Calvinist Frederick V
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
The King of Sweden
What ended the Thirty Years' War?
The Peace of Westphalia
What holding made it nearly impossible for the Protestants to win?
The Rhine put into Catholic (Spanish) hands
Who were the Protestants surrounded by?
The Wallenstein-led Catholic forces on one side and the Spanish on the other
What caused contention between the Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia?
The execution of Jan Hus
What were the effects of the Thirty Years' War?
The northern German states were Protestant and the southern were catholic The United Province and Switzerland were independent states German Princes were allowed diplomacy as long as it was not against the Holy Roman Empire France won Alsace from Germany France becomes powerful and Spain loses territory The Peace of Westphalia
What motivation is there for French involvement?
The possible revocation of Habsburg power
What side were the Swedish on and were they successful?
They fought with the Protestants and were initially successful against the Catholics until Adolphus' death
Who were the main characters in the Danish phase?
Wallenstein King Christian IV
What were the major events of the Bohemian phase?
Wallenstein's commission and triumphs The Battle of White Mountain
What were the major events of the French phase?
Wallenstein's dismissal and murder French entering the war (had previously subsidized the Swedish) The Peace of Westphalia
Ferdinand II should be associated with which side?
the Catholics
Frederick V should be associated with which side?
the Protestants
What were long-term causes of the 30 years war?
the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 Rudolph II and the Letter of Majesty revoked rights Protestant church building