Ch. 28 Microbio

What is a/are potential reservoir(s) for viruses that could infect a human? A. Water B. Insects C. Bats D. Fomites

Bats

For individuals planning a trip to another country, such as Vietnam, which organization is the best source for information on which vaccines might be necessary? A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention B. National Institutes of Health C. National Safety Council D. Tourist Travel Bureau

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

An endemic disease usually involves ________ infections, and an epidemic is normally caused by ________ infections. A. Acute/chronic B. Acute/highly morbid C. Chronic/acute D. Chronic/highly morbid

Chronic/acute

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? A. Contact transmission B. Vector transmission C. Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission D. Vehicle transmission

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Which of these factors result(s) in the emergence of new pathogens? A. human behavior B. economic development C. international travel D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following shows the correct relationship among the epidemiology terms listed? A. prevalence > incidence > mortality B. incidence > prevalence > mortality C. mortality > morbidity > prevalence D. mortality > incidence > prevalence

prevalence > incidence > mortality

In the 2009 H1N1 "swine flu" pandemic, the influenza virus underwent a(n) ________, which made it especially deadly. Mortality of individuals ________ than 50 years of age was MOST common. A. antigenic drift / older B. antigenic drift / younger C. reassortment / older D. reassortment / younger

reassortment / younger

Which disease has been essentially eliminated as a result of rigorous vaccination and quarantining procedures? A. bubonic plague B. encephalitis C. malaria D. smallpox

smallpox

More than two-thirds of people infected with HIV in the world live in the ________ region of Africa, and the ________ are more commonly infected than ________. A. Saharan / men / women B. Saharan / women / men C. sub-Saharan / men / women D. sub-Saharan / women / men

sub-Saharan / women / men

Expected prevalence of a disease is A. the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time. B. the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time. C. the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations. D. the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances.

the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations

Deaths because of infectious disease are more common in developing countries, such as Africa, compared to the Americas because of __________. A. limited immunization programs B. inadequate sanitation C. all of the listed responses are correct D. limited access to clean water

all of the listed responses are correct

The distribution of disease can change very quickly. An increase in emerging diseases can be attributed to __________. A. an increase in international travel B. more people moving away from cities C. more people being immunized D. unchanging climate

an increase in international travel

Which public health procedure was used to control the bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow disease) outbreak in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom? A. immunization of infected animals B. destruction of infected animals C. vaccination of farmers D. both a and b

both a and b

Vaccinations are given to humans to minimize the spread of ALL of the following diseases EXCEPT A. brucellosis. B. diphtheria. C. tetanus. D. whooping cough.

brucellosis

A person that does not have symptoms of a disease but can transmit it to others is called a

carrier

A person who tests positive for the human immunodeficiency virus but shows no symptoms of AIDS would be termed a __________. A. vector B. reservoir C. vehicle D. carrier

carrier

Lack of sewage treatment and clean drinking water

cholera pandemic

An endemic disease usually involves ________ infections, and an epidemic is normally caused by ________ infections. A. acute / chronic B. acute / highly morbid C. chronic / acute D. chronic / highly morbid

chronic / acute

All students that ate in the school dining hall on Monday developed stomach cramps and diarrhea. The student clinic was overwhelmed with patients. However, by Thursday the number of patients seen in the clinic was back to normal. This could have been caused by a __________. A. common-source epidemic B. vector-borne disease C. infectious disease D. host-to-host epidemic

common-source epidemic

How can the human form of a zoonotic disease be eradicated? A. elimination of the disease in the animal reservoir B. elimination of the human hosts only C. herd immunity in the human host only D. none of the above

elimination of the disease in the animal reservoir

What do we call a disease that is new in the human population?

emerging disease

A disease that is constantly present in a population at low numbers is a(n) __________. A. pandemic B. endemic C. outbreak D. epidemic

endemic

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be A. sporadic. B. pandemic. C. endemic. D. epidemic.

endemic

A mild climate, sudden increases in the rodent population due to a construction boom, and direct contact with the rodents' feces and urine would potentially bring about the spread of ________ in a population that carries the pathogen. A. Bacillus anthracis B. Cryptosporidium parvum C. hantavirus D. SARS coronavirus

hantavirus

Females at highest risk for HIV/AIDS in the United States are those who A. have sex with other women. B. have sex with men. C. regularly inject themselves with shared needles. D. receive blood transfusions or donated organs.

have sex with men

Carriers contribute to the spread of which of the following diseases? A. hepatitis B. AIDS C. typhoid fever D. hepatitis, AIDS, and typhoid fever

hepatitis, AIDS, and typhoid fever

The Ebola virus is frequently spread by ________, and its natural hosts and vectors are ________. A. direct physical contact / insects B. direct physical contact / primates C. the respiratory route / insects D. the respiratory route / primates

the respiratory route / primates

The prevalence of a disease is A. the total number of existing cases only. B. the total number of new cases only. C. the total number of both new and existing cases. D. the frequency of new cases relative to the number of existing cases.

the total number of both new and existing cases

Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? A. indirect contact transmission B. vehicle transmission C. vector transmission D. direct contact transmission

vector transmission

A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? A. contact transmission B. vector transmission C. vehicle transmission D. There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.

vehicle transmission

Epidemiology is defined as the study of A. where a disease occurs. B. when a disease occurs. C. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted. D. how a disease is transmitted.

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted

A ________ is a disease that primarily infects animals but can be transmitted to humans

zoonosis

A disease that primarily infects an animal but is occasionally transmitted to humans is called a(n) A. emerging pathogen. B. emergence transmission. C. vector. D. zoonosis.

zoonosis

Free flu shots were given at school, but 3 of the 30 students were absent that day. The next week Bob starting showing signs of the flu and was coughing and sneezing in class. None of the other students contracted the virus, even those that missed the shot. This can be explained by __________. A. herd immunity B. immunizations C. vaccinations D. resistance

herd immunity

Appropriate action to control infectious disease where humans are the reservoir would include __________. A. control of the vehicle B. eliminate breeding grounds C. immunization D. control of the vector

immunization

A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario? A. vehicle transmission B. droplet transmission C. direct contact transmission D. indirect contact transmission

indirect contact transmission

The virus underwent a significant antigenic shift compared to other circulating strains

H1N1 pandemic

Rapid mutation of the pathogen followed by adaptation and change in the population

HIV pandemic

Which of the following is an example of herd immunity? A. Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in United States B. If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population C. Federal law requires that all cattle not immune to anthrax be destroyed D. All farm animals used for food must be immunized against all the common agents of disease that infect humans.

If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population

Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms?

Incuabtion period

A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n) A. Endemic B. Epidemic C. Sporadic D. Pandemic E. Reservoir

Pandemic

Pathogens and hosts provide selection pressure to each other, resulting in varying degrees of co-evolution. Which of the following types of diseases would most likely be affected by co-evolution resulting in a lessening of virulence over time? A. Common source B. Zoonotic C. Vector-borne D. Person-to-person

Person-to-person

Important emerging pathogens include ALL of the following microorganisms EXCEPT A. Dengue virus. B. H5N1 virus. C. Borrelia burgdorferi. D. Salmonella typhi.

Salmonella typhi

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? A. The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region. B. The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region. C. The disease has spread to North America from Europe. D. Only a few cases are occurring in this region.

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? A. The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner B. Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface C. The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact D. The bite of a mosquito containing malaria

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

What is the role of epidemiology? A. To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases. B. To learn which organisms cause disease. C. To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens. D. To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens.

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases

True or False: The incidence of AIDS in the United States has NOT dramatically declined over the past decade. In Africa, heterosexual transmission of HIV is the norm. TRUE FALSE

True

Which of the following pathogens must infect a host for its continuous existence? A. Clostridium tetani B. ringworm C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Trypanosoma cruzi

Trypanosoma cruzi

The worldwide spread of ________ resulted in a pandemic between 1918 and 1919 that claimed 20 to 150 million lives. A. Haemophilus influenzae B. influenza virus C. Streptococcus pneumoniae D. Yersinia pestis

influenza virus

For a disease to become a pandemic, it must A. initially start out as an epidemic. B. have widespread (often worldwide) infections. C. wipe out an entire human populace. D. initially start out as an epidemic and have widespread infections.

initially start out as an epidemic and have widespread infections

An endemic disease A. is constantly present in the populace. B. has a low incidence in the population. C. is persistent in the population because of the presence of reservoirs. D. is described by all of the above.

is constantly present in the populace

The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is: A. Host to host B. A common source C. Insect vector D. Mechanical vector

A common source

Which of the following would an effective biological weapon? A. A disease that is transferred by direct intimate contact with a mortality rate over 90% would be an effective biological weapon. B. A disease transferred by indirect contact with a high basic reproduction number and mortality would be an effective biological weapon. C. A zoonotic disease transferred by indirect contact with a high basic reproduction number and low mortality would be an effective biological weapon. D. A disease that is transferred by a biological vector with a mortality rate over 90% would be an effective biological weapon.

A disease transferred by indirect contact with a high basic reproduction number and mortality would be an effective biological weapon

Which of the following would be considered a vector? A. Water containing bacteria from fecal matter B. Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual C. Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing D. A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following would be considered a fomite? A. A fly B. Contaminated water C. A toy D. A tick

A toy

Dengue fever is spread by A. female Anopheles mosquitoes. B. male Anopheles mosquitoes. C. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. D. Ixodes ticks.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

How do zoonotic diseases emerge? A. The infectious agent no longer is present in or is propagated in an animal. B. The environment is suitable for the propagation and transfer of the agent. C. A new susceptible host species is present. D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

Why is it more difficult to eradicate a disease if the reservoir is a wild animal? A. It involves destruction of wild animals, which can have a serious impact on biodiversity. B. Wild animals are more difficult to immunize than domestic animals. C. Chemicals used to eradicate the reservoir animals may adversely affect nonreservoir species. D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct

Explain why in the United States and other developed countries, deaths due to infectious diseases are increasing

Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Antimicrobial resistance is present in all parts of the world. New resistance mechanisms emerge and spread globally.

After tuberculosis, malaria causes more annual deaths worldwide than any other single disease. Recent research has attempted to control the spread of malaria by genetically-modifying a bacterium (Pantoea agglomerans) commonly found in the guts of mosquitos to produce a toxin that kills the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. If this project is effective it could significantly decrease the incidence of malaria because__________. A. malaria is a vectorborne disease. B. the mosquitoes will die. C. Pantoea agglomerans would be killed. D. malaria is a person-to-person disease.

malaria is a vectorborne disease

The incidence of BOTH fatal and nonfatal diseases in a population is called A. mortality. B. morbidity. C. infection. D. pandemic.

morbidity

The ideal bioweapon would be __________. A. one that is easily spread in aerosol form B. one that is cheap to produce, even if it is difficult to disseminate C. one with low morbidity D. one that requires safety equipment to handle

one that is easily spread in aerosol form

Since 2007, the number of reported cholera cases has significantly increased. The MOST common cause for outbreaks of Vibrio cholerae is ________, although the 2010 outbreak in Haiti was likely due to ________. A. accidental transmission from another country / poor sanitation and disposal of waste B. accidental transmission of infected waste / infected imported food C. poor sanitation and disposal of waste / accidental transmission from another country D. poor sanitation and disposal of waste / transmission of infected water via a hurricane

poor sanitation and disposal of waste / accidental transmission from another country

H5N1 avian influenza is widely considered to be the most serious global pandemic threat today, and is the target of much worldwide surveillance. Currently, the virus is not readily passed person-to-person, but reports that the virus may have recently entered (or re-entered) the swine population are of concern because of__________. A. humans typically come into more frequent contact with swine than with birds. B. possible reassortment of the influenza genome with swine and human strains. C. influenza more easily passing from pig-to-human than from human-to-human. D. possible antigenic drift.

possible reassortment of the influenza genome with swine and human strain