Ch 30. Overview of European Colonialism-1

When did the Battle of Mezokeresztes take place? Your Answer

1596-The Battle of Mezokeresztes occurred in 1596.

Identify which of the following profiles MOST likely is that of a participant of the Gunpowder Treason:

A young Christian from London who was angry with the English monarch The Gunpowder Treason was a plot by a small band of disenfranchised English Catholics to murder King James I and his entire parliament

What were the attempts to change the government structure after the execution of Charles I, and how did they ultimately lead to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England?

After the execution of Charles I, Parliament attempted to change the government structure, leading to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England in 1649. Oliver Cromwell assumed the title of Lord Protector in 1653, effectively becoming the leader of the Commonwealth.

7. Which European power eventually superseded the dominance of France in North America?

Answer: English settlers eventually came to dominate North America, surpassing the influence of France.

1. How did Europeans enhance their ability to navigate the Atlantic Ocean during the 15th century?

Answer: Europeans improved navigation by understanding ocean currents, wind patterns, and inventing tools like astronomical instruments. They also developed more efficient sails, reducing reliance on rowers.

9. Summarize the key outcomes and lessons learned from the Long War.

Answer: The Long War began after the Ottomans launched a military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. The Ottomans were hoping to gain control of Vienna, while the Habsburgs hoped to gain freedom for the Hungarian territories. Initially, the Ottomans lost control of several of their strongholds to Christian forces. However, the Ottoman Turks eventually regained control when Prince Michael was unable to gain support from his allies. The war reached a turning point when the Ottomans defeated a huge army made up of Habsburg troops and Transylvanian forces. Later, Transylvania rebelled against the Habsburgs with the support of the Ottomans. Peace was finally formed with a treaty: the Peace of Zsitvatorok.

3. Who is credited with discovering America, and for which country did he sail?

Answer: Christopher Columbus is credited with discovering America, and he sailed for Spain. Sailing for Spain, he first reached the New World. However, he had based his navigation on a miscalculation of the Earth's circumference, believing Japan to be less than half its actual distance from his point of origin. He believed he had reached an area in Asia instead. Of course, intentional or not, Columbus' actions changed the world forever.

5. Explain the three ways in which colonization could occur, and provide examples of countries following each approach.

Answer: Colonization could occur through empires of conquest-Empires of conquest sought to take over the indigenous people of a new area by enslaving them. Spain saw indigenous people as a source of free labor. France, however, believed the indigenous people and Native Americans provided an opportunity for trade and partnership. France's efforts in the Americas were based more on a system of commerce than conquest. They found success by creating a fur trade market. Other countries, like England, attempted to simply remove Native Americans from their lands and replace them with their own people. English and Scottish people used this system of settlement to colonize the Americas.

8. How did England attempt to gain more control over its American colonies, and what was the response of the colonists?

Answer: England passed imperial laws, but when colonists resisted, Britain adopted a policy of salutary neglect, allowing more freedom in trade. In the later 17th century, conflicts arose as Britain fought with France and Spain, and colonists challenged England for freedom.

3. Provide examples of Holy Leagues and their compositions during different periods.

Answer: Examples of Holy Leagues include: The Holy League of 1332, consisting of the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, and the Kingdom of Cyprus against Turkish Muslim forces. The Holy League of 1511, consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, England, Venice, and the Pope against France. The Holy League of Venice in 1494, formed by states such as the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, England, and the Holy Roman Empire.

10. Summarize the key factors that contributed to the growth of European colonization in the Americas.

Answer: Factors included advancements in navigation, exploration by Portugal and Spain, cultural exchanges through the Columbian Exchange, various approaches to colonization, economic differences between southern and northern colonies, religious groups seeking refuge, and the changing dynamics of control between England and its American colonies.

5. What was the nature of France's relationship with Native Americans during its expansion in the Americas?

Answer: France developed a peaceful relationship with Native Americans during its expansion, primarily based on commerce

8. How did France differ from England in terms of the number of settlers and their activities in the Americas?

Answer: France had a considerably smaller number of settlers, and their activities were primarily focused on trade and missionary work, contrasting with the eventual dominance of English settlers in North America.

7. Discuss the Holy Leagues' involvement in conflicts against the Ottoman Empire and their objectives.

Answer: Holy Leagues were organized against the Ottoman Empire to counter its expansion. Notable instances include the Holy League of 1535, formed by Emperor Charles against Ottoman control of Tunisia, and the Holy League of 1571, which defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Lepanto. The Holy Leagues aimed to prevent Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean and eastern Europe.

9. Identify the century when many countries expanded their presence in the Americas after Spain and Portugal's dominance.

Answer: Many countries began to expand after 1600.

4. When did many countries begin to expand their presence in the Americas after the dominance of Spain and Portugal, and which country eventually came to dominate North America?

Answer: Many countries began to expand after 1600. Eventually, English settlers came to dominate North America.

6. Describe the important events involving Michael the Brave of Wallachia and the Battle of Calugareni during the Long War.

Answer: Michael the Brave initiated a campaign against the Turks in 1594, achieving successes but ultimately fleeing due to lack of resources. The Battle of Calugareni in 1595, won by the Wallachians, marked a turning point, but looting by Christians led to a defeat at the Battle of Mezokeresztes in 1596.

6. Who were the predominant settlers in French colonies, and what were their main activities?

Answer: Most French settlers were men engaged in trade or Jesuit priests, focusing on commerce and missionary work.

2. Which country was the pioneer in exploration by attempting to reach the west coast of Africa in the 15th century?

Answer: Portugal was the pioneer in exploration and attempted to reach the west coast of Africa.

7. Which religious groups sought refuge in the Americas to escape persecution, and where did they predominantly settle?

Answer: Puritans, seeking purity in worship and doctrine, settled in New England, while Quakers settled in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Rhode Island. Maryland became a refuge for Roman Catholics.

6. Describe the economic differences between the southern and northern colonies during the 17th century.

Answer: Southern colonies relied on crop production, with tobacco plantations in Virginia and Maryland and larger plantations producing rice, coffee, cotton, and sugar in the Carolinas. Northern colonies had a more diverse economy, including trade, fishing, and crafts.

1. Which two European countries were initially dominant in the Americas, and for how long did they maintain their dominance?

Answer: Spain and Portugal were initially dominant in the Americas, maintaining their dominance for a long time.

8. Who rebelled against the Habsburg ruler towards the end of the Long War, and what were the goals of the rebellion?

Answer: Stephen Bocskay, the prince of Transylvania, rebelled against the Habsburg ruler, supported by the Hungarian nobility of Royal Hungary and the Ottomans. The goal was to secure freedom from the Habsburg monarchy and create peace between the Habsburgs and Ottomans.

8. Outline the key events of the Battle of Lepanto and its significance in the conflict between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire.

Answer: The Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571 between the Holy League, consisting of Venice, Spain, Portugal, the Papal States, and Genoa, and the Ottoman Empire. The Holy League scored a key victory, killing tens of thousands of Turkish sailors and capturing over 100 Turkish ships. While a setback for the Ottomans, it did not halt their continued rise to dominance.

4. What cultural and product exchanges occurred among Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans during the Columbian Exchange?

Answer: The Columbian Exchange involved the exchange of food, livestock, and farming techniques. Europeans learned about new crops like tobacco, corn, and beans, while Native Americans were introduced to wheat, oat, rice, and grapes. However, it also led to the spread of diseases.

10. Summarize the significance of the Holy League formed during the Great Turkish War (1683-1699) and its outcomes against the Ottoman Empire.

Answer: The Holy League formed during the Great Turkish War consisted of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Russia, Venice, and Spain. Over 15 years of fighting, the Holy League made significant gains against the Ottomans, marking the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

9. What were the objectives of the Holy League formed in the 1590s against the Ottoman Empire, and what characterized the outcomes of the conflict known as the Long Wars?

Answer: The Holy League formed in the 1590s aimed to block the Ottoman Empire's expansion over the ground. The Long Wars between the Holy League and the Ottomans resulted in a stalemate without a decisive victory.

5. Describe the circumstances and events surrounding the Holy League of 1511 and its involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai.

Answer: The Holy League of 1511 was formed during the War of the League of Cambrai. Initially planned against France, the Pope switched sides in 1510, leading to a new alliance that included the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, England, and the Swiss Confederacy. Despite initial successes, Venice betrayed the Holy League, and by 1516, the France-Venice alliance defeated the Holy League, securing control over northern Italy.

1. What was the Holy League, and during which historical periods did it operate?

Answer: The Holy League was a name used by various alliances of European kingdoms during the Middle Ages and Renaissance Period. It operated between the 1300s and the 1700s.

4. Explain the role of the Holy League, also known as the League of Venice, during the First Italian War against France.

Answer: The Holy League, also known as the League of Venice, was formed in 1494 when France attempted to increase its power in Italy. Led by Venice, the League successfully prevented France from achieving its war aims during the First Italian War.

4. Outline the alliances formed during the Long War and the key events that marked its beginning.

Answer: The Long War involved the Habsburg Monarchy, including Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia, against the Ottoman Empire. In 1595, a Christian alliance was formed by Pope Clement VIII against the Turks, and a treaty was signed in Prague by Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and the prince of Transylvania.

1. When did the Long War between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire take place, and what other names is it known by?

Answer: The Long War occurred from about 1591 to around 1606 and is also known as the Fifteen Years' War or the 50 Years War.

5. What were the objectives of the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy during the Long War, and where were the key locations of battles?

Answer: The Ottoman Empire aimed to seize Vienna, while the Habsburg Monarchy sought to liberate central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary occupied by the Ottomans. Key battle locations included Royal Hungary, Transdanubia, and parts of the Ottoman Empire (Bulgaria, Serbia, and southern Romania).

2. Provide a brief overview of the Ottoman Empire and its expansion, highlighting key leaders like Suleiman the Magnificent.

Answer: The Ottoman Empire, founded by Turkish tribes around 1299, expanded and gained power after taking control of Constantinople in 1453. It continued to rise under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent.

7. What was the significance of the Peace of Zsitvatorok, and when did it occur?

Answer: The Peace of Zsitvatorok, occurring on November 11, 1606, marked the end of The Long War. It confirmed the Ottomans' failure to gain control over Habsburg territories, stabilized relations between the Habsburgs and Ottomans, and delayed the liberation of Hungary for half a century.

6. Who were the members of the Santa Junta, and what were the circumstances of its formation in 1520-1521?

Answer: The Santa Junta, sometimes called the Holy League of the Communities, was formed in Spain in 1520-1521. It resulted from a secession crisis, with noblemen, cities, and peasants aligning against King Charles (Charles V) to demand a change in leadership. The revolt ultimately failed, and King Charles regained control.

10. Summarize the key factors that contributed to the changing dynamics of European dominance in the Americas after 1600.

Answer: The changing dynamics involved various countries expanding their presence, with France emphasizing commerce and developing peaceful relations with Native Americans. However, English settlers eventually dominated North America, influencing the shift in power dynamics.

10. What territories and regions were central to the conflict during the Long War, and why were they strategically important?

Answer: The conflict focused on Royal Hungary, western Hungary, southern Slovakia, Transdanubia, and the Ottoman Empire (Bulgaria, Serbia, southern Romania). These regions were strategically vital for controlling land, fortresses along the Danube River, and preventing expansion into respective territories.

3. Who were the major players in the 16th-century conflicts in Europe, and what were their primary motivations?

Answer: The major players were the Holy Roman Empire, controlled by the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Ottoman Empire. Conflicts were motivated by territorial expansion, with the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor vying for control of Christian nations.

9. What impact did the passing of imperial laws and the policy of salutary neglect have on colonial trade and commerce?

Answer: The passing of imperial laws initially restricted trade, but salutary neglect allowed colonists to trade more freely. This led to economic flourishing and growth in commerce.

2. What was the primary motivation behind the formation of Holy Leagues, and who were they frequently aligned against?

Answer: The primary motivation behind the formation of Holy Leagues was religion. They consisted of Christian states aligned frequently against the rising Ottoman Empire, a militarily powerful Turkish

Why was the result of English Civil War of the 1640s considered unique?

Because it was the first time that a king was put on trial and subsequently executed. King Charles I was convicted for treason. He was tried and executed in January, 1649, in front of Whitehall Palace. Charles' loss and subsequent execution marked the first time in Western European history a sitting monarch had been accused and convicted of crimes against his own subjects - a decisive moment in Western history.

Why was the outcome of the Battle of Edgehill, fought in 1642, considered to be inconclusive?

Both sides suffered heavy casualties. Therefore, neither side could claim true victory. The Battle of Edgehill is considered a draw by most historians, though both sides took heavy casualties.

How did external factors, such as changes in neighboring states and the independence of Sweden, contribute to the escalation of the Thirty Years' War?

Changes in neighboring states, such as the independence of Sweden from Denmark, contributed to the escalation of the war. Sweden, under King Gustavus Adolphus, became involved in the conflict, supporting Protestant princes and disrupting the balance of power.

Which of the following was NOT a point of contention between Parliament and King Charles I prior to civil war?

Control of the army-Prior to civil war breaking out, England did not possess a standing army.

Which of the following resulted from The Columbian Exchange?

Europeans brought grazing animals like horses and sheep to America. These animals upset the ecosystem by eating large quantities of native plants. Europeans also brought illnesses to which the indigenous peoples had never been exposed and could not treat, which resulted in the death of millions. However, good things also came of The Columbian Exchange. Indigenous Americans taught Europeans to harvest new foods like nuts and tomatoes. As a result, all of the answers are correct.

Who was Ferdinand II, and what political decision of his sparked the conflict in Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War?

Ferdinand II was a staunch Catholic ruler who declared that all of his lands were to be Catholic in 1618. His political decision to impose Catholicism in Bohemia triggered the Bohemian Revolt and marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War.

What role did France play in the later stages of the war, and how did its involvement impact the dynamics of the conflict?

France initially signed a treaty with Sweden to help Protestants within the Holy Roman Empire but later directly declared war on Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. France's involvement, aligned with Protestant powers, significantly impacted the dynamics of the conflict.

Which country sought commerce with the Native Americans?

France-French colonists, who were often trappers, wanted to engage in fur trade with the Native Americans.

Why was the stance of James I towards the Catholic cause difficult to understand?

He was very strict towards Catholics despite his mother being executed by a Protestant. Although James was a Protestant, his mother was the very Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. Making matters even more hopeful for the Catholics, not only was his mom Catholic, she had been executed by the Protestant Elizabeth I. If anyone had reason to be sympathetic to the Catholic cause, it would be James I.

Which of these is an alliance that involves a religious dispute?

Holy League-A Holy League can describe any allied group involving the Papacy or a religious dispute.

How did King Henry VIII's actions in creating the Church of England contribute to the religious landscape of England?

King Henry VIII's creation of the Church of England resulted in England shifting from Catholicism to Protestantism. This change had lasting effects, as subsequent monarchs became the supreme head of the church, breaking away from the authority of the Pope. The English people's wariness of the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation further solidified England as a Protestant nation.

Charles I,

In the 1600s, the reign of a new English monarch, Charles I, commenced. Charles had spent a majority of his early life in Scotland and was thus exposed to more Catholic influences than Protestant. Because of this, many in the English Parliament were suspicious of Charles when he inherited the throne in 1623. They worried that he was secretly Catholic and might reintroduce Catholicism back into the kingdom. This was not helped when in 1637, Charles attempted to impose a new Arminian book known today as the English Book of Common Prayer to the people of both England and Scotland. The book tried to reinstitute many Anglican principles and practices in an effort to unite both the English and Scottish cultures, but many in Parliament viewed the book as having inherent Catholic qualities. This, along with other actions committed by Charles, would further isolate him from his people and would eventually lead to all-out war with Parliament.

Important Events

In the east, Michael the Brave of Wallachia started a campaign against the Turks in 1594. He took control of several castles near the Lower Danube. At the same time, Moldavian allies defeated the Turks in parts of Moldova. Michael sustained his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking control of several forts and even reaching as far as Adrianople. Eventually, his forces came very close to Constantinople. Forces under Michael the Brave almost reached Constantinople. The war continued at the Battle of Calugareni in 1595. This event was considered one of the most important battles between the Ottomans and the Wallachians. Although the Wallachians won the battle, Michael's lack of resources forced him to soon flee with his troops and wait for help from Transylvania or Austria. The Battle of Mezokeresztes took place in the territory of Hungary on October 24-26, 1596. This was considered a turning point in the war. The combined Habsburg-Transylvanian forces of approximately 45-50,000 troops was defeated by the Ottoman army after Christians, thinking the battle was over, started looting the Turkish camp. Despite their victory, the Turks realized for the first time the ability of Western weapons over the Ottoman weapons. This battle was a very important military encounter in Central Europe between a Christian army and Ottoman Turkish Army. It established that even a large Christian army was unable to win a major battle against the Turks. Christians were unable to win their strategic objectives. Soon, the war became reduced to small battles and the capturing and recapturing of fortresses by opposing forces. The war between Wallachia and the Ottomans ended in late 1599 when Michael was unable to continue fighting due to lack of support from his allies.

Ultimately the Holy League of 1538-1540 was ineffective. How was the Ottoman Empire able to defeat the Holy League?

Infighting between Venice and Charles V weakened the League's military forces. Infighting continued between Charles and Venice, leading Venice to abandon the League to challenge the Ottomans without any other allies.

How did the 1559 Act of Uniformity impact the status of Catholics in England?

It made attendance to the Protestant Church of England mandatory, thus scaring Catholics into silence or severe penalty. In 1559, she passed the Act of Uniformity, which made attendance at Protestant services mandatory. Catholics were forced to abandon their loyalty to the pope. Those who didn't were subject to fines, persecution, and even death. Facing such threats, many Catholics outwardly turned to Protestantism but secretly held to their Catholic faith.

Why did Robert Catesby and his co-conspirators choose November 5 as the day when they would strike?

It was the day when Parliament was officially opening. To get the largest dramatic effect they chose November 5, the official opening of Parliament, as the day to light the proverbial - and literal - fuse to avenge years of Catholic persecution.

What are the Papal States?

Italy has one of the world's oldest and richest cultures; however, the nation of Italy was only created in 1861. Between the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD and the creation of the nation state of Italy, the region of Italy was divided into a number of kingdoms and territories. One of the largest series of territories were the Papal States. But what are the Papal States? In short, the Papal States were defined as a collection of territories that spanned much of Central Italy, with their capital in Rome, and were governed by the Pope and the Catholic Church. Despite the fact that the Papal States were abolished after the unification of Italy, there is still one important remnant of the country that exists today: the Vatican City. The Vatican City is a tiny country that is located completely within the city of Rome. It is the world's smallest nation, and it serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Church. All that remains of the Papal States is located within this small country.

The session of Parliament Charles called in 1640 became known as the _____ Parliament.

Long-The Long Parliament was called such because it technically did not disband itself until 1660.

What were the major events leading up to the English Civil War, including the actions of Charles I and the response from Parliament?

Major events leading up to the English Civil War include the dissolution of the Long Parliament in 1629, Charles I's recall of Parliament in 1640, the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer, Scottish rebellion in 1639, and Charles I's failed attempt to arrest members of Parliament in 1642, leading to his flight from London and the official start of the war.

When did the English Civil War start and finish?

Most historians cite Charles I's Era of Personal Rule from 1629 to 1640 as the beginning of the Civil War. But outright fighting didn't begin until 1642 with the Battle of Edgehill. The war would come to a temporary halt in 1646 following the capture of Charles I, but he would later escape and the war would continue until 1649 following the recapture, trial, and execution of the king.

What role did Oliver Cromwell play in the New Model Army, and how did it contribute to the Roundheads' victory in the first phase of the war?

Oliver Cromwell played a crucial role in the New Model Army, which was formed by Parliament in 1645. His leadership and reforms, such as hiring loyal soldiers regardless of religious beliefs, regular payments, and strict discipline, contributed to the Roundheads' victory at the Battle of Naseby.

Explain the role of Oliver Cromwell as the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and the subsequent events leading to the English Restoration.

Oliver Cromwell's role as Lord Protector marked a quasi-monarchical rule in the Commonwealth of England until 1660. The Commonwealth ended when Parliament reinstated the monarchy, offering the throne to Charles I's son, Charles II, leading to the English Restoration and bringing some peace to the kingdom.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the aftermath of the Gunpowder Treason?

Robert Catesby, the conspirator believed to be in charge of the gunpowder, was arrested on the day the plot was supposed to take place. The search also found Guy Fawkes, the conspirator believed to be in charge of the gunpowder, with matches and torchwood in his hands. Not ones to take plots of treason lightly, the crown arrested Fawkes and subsequently had him tortured.

Salutary Neglect

Salutary Neglect refers to an informal and unofficial British policy during the 17th and early 18th centuries regarding its American colonies. The policy was characterized by a hands-off approach and a lack of strict enforcement of parliamentary laws on the American colonies by the British government. The term "salutary neglect" implies that the neglectful or lax attitude of the British authorities had beneficial effects on the American colonies. Key features of Salutary Neglect include: Limited Enforcement: British officials, to a large extent, refrained from rigorously enforcing trade regulations, taxes, and other laws in the American colonies. This was partly due to the geographical distance between Britain and the colonies, making direct control challenging. Economic Freedom: The colonies experienced a degree of economic freedom and autonomy. They engaged in trade, commerce, and economic activities with fewer restrictions, allowing them to develop their economies and trade networks. Self-Governance: The policy allowed the colonies a degree of self-governance. Colonial assemblies had more leeway in managing their internal affairs, and local governments had a certain level of autonomy in decision-making. Colonial Development: The period of salutary neglect coincided with a time of growth and development in the American colonies. They established their own institutions, developed trade relationships, and expanded westward. Emergence of American Identity: The policy contributed to the emergence of a distinct American identity. Over time, colonists developed a sense of self-reliance and independence, as they were left to manage their own affairs with minimal interference from the British government. While salutary neglect had positive outcomes for the colonies, it also set the stage for future conflicts. As the British

Conquest, Commerce and Settlement

Spain and Portugal were dominant in the Americas for a long time. However, many countries began to expand after 1600. France continued to base its expansion mostly on commerce with the Native Americans. They also developed a peaceful relationship with them. France, however, had a considerably smaller amount of people settling in the new areas. Most of the French settlers were men who came to trade or were Jesuit priests. Eventually, English settlers came to dominate North America.

How did the Holy League of 1571-1573 differ from the earlier Holy League of 1538- 1540?

Spain played a crucial role in the Holy League of 1571-1573 and they were not part of the Holy League of 1538-1540. The second league formed in 1571 and included the Papacy, Venice and this time, unlike the 1538-1540 Holy League, included Spain. Spain provided almost half of the resources. This alliance again experienced victory but fell apart after the death of its creator, Pope Pius V.

Why did suspicions arise in the English Parliament regarding King Charles I's reign, particularly regarding his religious affiliations?

Suspicions in the English Parliament regarding Charles I arose due to concerns about his potential Catholic leanings. This suspicion intensified when Charles attempted to impose the English Book of Common Prayer in 1637, viewed by many in Parliament as having inherent Catholic qualities.

Explain the significance of the Battle of Marston Moor and the Battle of Naseby in the first phase of the English Civil War.

The Battle of Marston Moor (1644) and the Battle of Naseby (1645) were significant events in the first phase of the English Civil War. Marston Moor saw a Parliamentarian victory, breaking Charles I's control of northern England. Naseby, led by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, resulted in Charles I's surrender, ending the first phase of the war.

Describe the significance of the Battle of Marston Moor and the Battle of Naseby in the first phase of the English Civil War.

The Battle of Marston Moor in 1644 marked a significant victory for Parliament and the Roundheads, breaking Charles I's control of northern England. The Battle of Naseby in 1645 saw the Roundheads, led by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, securing a decisive victory and capturing Charles I.

What were the key reasons behind the foundation of the Church of England by Henry VIII in 1534?

The Church of England was founded by Henry VIII in 1534 primarily because he sought a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and the Catholic Church's laws on marriage posed significant obstacles. The creation of the Church of England allowed Henry to bypass these impediments and divorce Catherine.

Explain the key events and outcomes of the Era of Personal Rule (1629-1640) and the Long Parliament.

The Era of Personal Rule (1629-1640) was characterized by Charles I's dissolution of Parliament, making him the sole ruler with no oversight. The Long Parliament, initiated in response to Scottish rebellion and Charles's financial needs, ended with the denial of funds to the king. The execution of the Earl of Strafford and tensions over Irish rebellion added to the lead-up to the Civil War.

What impact did the Gunpowder Plot have on the treatment of Catholics in England?

The Gunpowder Plot increased the persecution of Catholics in England. Instead of achieving its intended effect of greater religious tolerance, the failed plot intensified public resentment towards Catholics. The tradition of commemorating the failure of the Gunpowder Plot continues in England on November 5th, known as Guy Fawkes Day, with bonfires and fireworks.

What was the Gunpowder Plot of 1605?

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a conspiracy to assassinate the English Parliament and monarchy hatched by Robert Catesby in response to King James I's persecution of Roman Catholics in England. Catesby, along with co-conspirators Thomas Percy, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Wright, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby, and Francis Tresham, wanted greater religious freedom under England's predominantly Protestant church and government. Unable to achieve their desired freedom through diplomacy, the conspirators plotted to bomb the king, queen, their son, and Parliament, thereby creating a power vacuum, allowing the conspirators to assert their demands over England. The plot ultimately failed, foiled by an anonymous tip delivered to a member of Parliament a few days before the event. Today, the failure of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 is celebrated with fireworks and bonfires on Guy Fawkes Day/Night (November 5th).

What historical events and religious circumstances led to the formation of the Gunpowder Plot?

The Gunpowder Plot was a response to the persecution of Catholics in England, initiated by King Henry VIII's separation from the Church of Rome and the subsequent establishment of the Church of England. Subsequent monarchs, including Elizabeth I and King James I, continued religious intolerance, leading to the plot as an attempt to address the grievances of Catholics.

Who established the Holy League to defeat the Ottoman Empire?

The Holy League to stop the Ottoman Empire was organized at different times by the Pope, Venice, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. A later Holy League was also led by Russia.

What was the purpose of the Holy Leagues?

The Holy Leagues served different purposes at different times. In the Italian Wars, the Holy League was usually intended to stop France. Different Leagues were intended to stop the Ottoman Empire.

The Long War

The Long War or Fifteen Years' War occurred from about 1591 to around 1606. This was one of the numerous wars between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The war began when the Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire. The groups involved in this war were the countries that made up the Habsburg Monarchy: Transylvania, Wallachia (Romania), Moldavia, and the Ottoman Empire. The Habsburg monarchy included Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. Eventually, Ferrara, Tuscany, Mantua and the papacy also became involved in the war. After several clashes starting in 1591, the war began in July of 1593. At this time, the Ottoman army launched a military campaign against the Habsburg Monarchy.

What served as the primary catalyst for the establishment of the Holy League of 1571-1573?

The Ottoman victory over Cyprus and Tunis-The Ottoman Empire remained strong despite battles with their protectorates. In the early 1570s, Islamic troops defeated Cyprus, which was under the control of Venice and a strong Christian area. Islam forces also attacked Tunis, which was an important Christian territory in the middle of the North African coast. This created a narrow passage into the Western Mediterranean area. This was reason enough to drive allies to join together. A Holy League again formed in 1571.

What was the reason that the Ottomans began a military campaign against the Habsburg Empire?

The Ottomans wanted to gain control of Vienna. The Ottomans were hoping to gain control of Vienna.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Augsburg in 1555, and how did it address religious matters within the Holy Roman Empire?

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized the legitimacy of both Catholics and Lutherans within the Holy Roman Empire. It granted rulers the right to establish the religion for their realms but did not provide religious freedom for groups or individuals. Calvinism was not recognized.

What were the consequences of the Peace of Augsburg, and how long did it provide stability in the Holy Roman Empire regarding religious matters?

The Peace of Augsburg, while not fully satisfying all parties, brought stability to religious matters within the Holy Roman Empire for approximately fifty years. It recognized the right of rulers to determine the religion for their domains but did not grant religious freedom for individuals.

Describe the alliances and conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire leading up to the Thirty Years' War, including the role of the Schmalkaldic League.

The Schmalkaldic League, formed in the early 1530s, was an alliance of Protestant territories defending themselves against Catholics seeking to reconvert them. The League temporarily gained recognition from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V but was defeated in 1547.

What were the root causes of the Thirty Years' War, and how did religious freedom play a central role in the conflicts?

The Thirty Years' War was primarily driven by religious conflicts, particularly the tension between Catholicism and Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire. The root causes included religious freedom issues, challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church, and the impact of the Protestant Reformation.

How did the alliance with Scotland impact the balance of power during the first phase of the English Civil War?

The alliance with Scotland impacted the balance of power as the Scots joined the forces of Parliament during the first phase of the English Civil War. This alliance contributed to the victory at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, which significantly weakened Charles I's control.

Describe the failed attempt to execute the Gunpowder Plot.

The conspirators, after facing diplomatic failures, planned to bomb the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on November 5th, 1605. An anonymous tip, delivered to a member of Parliament, foiled the plot. The conspirators were captured, and their leader, Robert Catesby, died in a shootout with the police.

What factors led to the outbreak of the first phase of the English Civil War in 1642?

The first phase of the English Civil War began in 1642 when Charles I fled London, leading to the Battle of Edgehill. This marked the official commencement of hostilities between the royalist forces (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarian forces (Roundheads).

Who were the key conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot, and what were their motivations?

The key conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot included Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy, Thomas Winter, Guy Fawkes, John Wright, Robert Keyes, Thomas Bates, John Grant, Ambrose Rookwood, Sir Everard Digby, and Francis Tresham. Their motivations were rooted in a desire for greater religious freedom for Catholics in England, responding to King James I's persecution of Catholics.

Describe the key events that led to the outbreak of the English Civil War.

The key events that led to the English Civil War included the Era of Personal Rule, where Charles I ruled without Parliament from 1629 to 1640. Tensions escalated with Charles's attempts to impose policies like the Book of Common Prayer, leading to the Long Parliament. The Battle of Edgehill in 1642 marked the beginning of the war, with subsequent battles like Marston Moor and Naseby shaping its course.

What was the Era of Personal Rule, and how did it contribute to the tensions between Charles I and Parliament?

The lead-up to the English Civil War is known by several names, one of them being the Era of Personal Rule, which lasted from 1629 to 1640. This was the period when Charles I, fed up with his regular struggles with Parliament, decreed to dissolve the institution in 1629. This meant that Charles was the sole ruler of the kingdom of England with absolutely no oversight whatsoever for the next eleven years. Because of this, this period is also referred to as "The Long Parliament" and the "Eleven-Year Tyranny." Meanwhile, the kingdom of Scotland was growing as frustrated with the king as the members of Parliament had been. The Scots were angered and offended by Charles's introduction of the Book of Common Prayer, and they were concerned that the English king was attempting to erase their culture. This came to a head in 1639 when a group of rebellious Scots declared war against the English king and invaded the northern lands of England

What was the reason that the Battle of Calugareni proved to be such an important battle of the war fought by the Ottomans and the Wallachians? Your Answer

Though he won the battle, Michael the Brave's lack of supplies forced him to leave the area with his troops and wait for help from Transylvania or Austria, which later led to defeat at Mezokeresztes. The combined Habsburg-Transylvanian forces of approximately 45-50,000 troops was defeated by the Ottoman army.

What was the fundamental motivation for the establishment of the Holy League of 1538-1540?

To protect the existing trade routes from attack by the Ottoman Empire. The Holy League of 1538-1540 was formed as an alliance between the Papacy, Venice and Charles V. Charles V was the ruler of the Habsburg Empire. The League formed in the early months of 1538 with the hopes of destroying Ottoman control in the Mediterranean Sea and Near East. The Ottomans had been growing in power since the 14th century and the Holy League was put in place to protect the existing trade routes.

What were the main causes of the English Civil War?

The main causes of the English Civil War were rooted in the misrule of King Charles I. Suspicions of his possible Catholic leanings, his dismissal of Parliament during the Era of Personal Rule (1629-1640), and controversial policies such as the introduction of the Book of Common Prayer fueled tensions and led to the outbreak of the war. To fully understand the conflict at the heart of the English Civil War and what led up to it, one must first go back over a hundred years to the reign of King Henry VIII during the 1520s. Early in his reign, Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess and a devout Catholic. Henry was determined to divorce Catherine, but that would prove to be nearly impossible due to the Catholic Church's laws on marriage and divorce at the time. In order to bypass this impediment, Henry created the Church of England in 1534, a new branch of Christianity that would see Henry and future monarchs of England as the supreme head of the church rather than the Pope. This allowed Henry to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn without having to argue with the Catholic Church. Henry's actions unsurprisingly angered the Church, which saw the king's actions as heresy. But in the end, due to the order of the king, along with the English people's wariness and distrust of the Catholic Church in the emerging Protestant Reformation, the entire kingdom of England became decisively Protestant and would remain so for decades to come. There was some Catholic resistance and uprising in response to the new status quo of a Protestant England, but it amounted to little. These catholic uprisings would however lead to a growing distrust of Catholics among English commoners and nobles alike.

What were the outcomes of the English Civil War, including the trial and execution of Charles I, the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, and the subsequent restoration of the monarchy?

The outcomes of the English Civil War included the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, marking the first time a sitting monarch was executed for treason. The Commonwealth of England, led by Oliver Cromwell, replaced the monarchy until 1660 when Parliament reinstated the monarchy, offering the throne to Charles I's son, Charles II, leading to the English Restoration.

Describe the events and outcomes of the second phase of the English Civil War, including the Pride's Purge and the trial and execution of Charles I.

The second phase of the English Civil War involved internal problems for Parliament, lack of funds, and disagreements. Charles I's escape in 1648 led to the second phase, marked by attempts to forge alliances and his recapture. Fearing that the king would find a way to regain power once again, Parliament put the King of England on trial for treason in what became known as the Pride's Purge and Rump Parliament. The Pride's Purge and Rump Parliament initiated the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649.

What event triggered the Thirty Years' War, and who were the main belligerents in the conflict?

The war was triggered by the attempt of Ferdinand II to impose Catholic absolutism in Bohemia. The main belligerents included Catholics, led by several Holy Roman emperors, and Protestants forming alliances with external powers like France, Sweden, and Denmark.

League of Venice

These states formed the Holy League, also known as the League of Venice. Fighting against France in what has become known as the First Italian War, the large League of Venice successfully prevented France from achieving its war aims. In the Second Italian War, France successfully conquered the Duchy of Milan in northern Italy. In the Third Italian War, France and Spain battled for control over Naples in the south, with Spain ultimately victorious. In both of those wars, no wider Holy League formed against the invading powers. Italy was being divided and conquered. These wars are part of a series of conflicts known as the Italian Wars, fought by great powers for control of the various states of Italy.

recall Parliament

This new war with the rebelling Scots forced Charles I to recall Parliament after over a decade, thus ending the Long Parliament. Charles's hope was that Parliament would grant the king money to fight the new war, but the delegates had other plans. Furious about the king's actions, they denied Charles's request and instead passed a law that forbade the king from prolonging or dissolving Parliament again without its consent. The delegates also ordered the trial and execution of one of the king's chief ministers and advisors, the Earl of Strafford. Meanwhile, the Catholic majority of Ireland rebelled against their Protestant English lords in 1641, resulting in the massacre of hundreds of Protestants in Ireland. Tensions were further raised over how to deal with the situation in Ireland, and led to Charles in 1642 attempting and failing to arrest five members of Parliament who opposed him. Due to these failed arrests and the increasing tensions against him, Charles fled from London to northern England, where he called for his supporters to join him and prepare for war.

A developed country paid you to find new territory and to claim this land in its honor. Your orders are to kill or enslave any indigenous people you might find there. What type of colonization are you practicing?

conquest-Like the Spanish in America, you would be colonizing by conquest.

In 1640, Charles I called Parliament for the first time in over a decade, because of grievances over the imposition of _____.

the Arminian prayer book-The much-maligned Arminian prayer book contained practices many Scots and Englishmen thought were too closely related to Catholicism.