CH. 33 Invertebrates MDT 2

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Patellogastropoda

Limpets

Bryzoa and Brachiopoda both date back to the: a. Paleozoic era b. Mesozoic era c. a and c d. none of the above

Paleozoic era

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Octopoda

Paper Nautilus

Alimentary canal (complete gut) but no circulatory system. Uses ciliated discs (corona) for feeding

Rotifera

Microscopic pseudocoelomate phylum

Rotifera

Phylum Nematoda

Round worms, complete digestive tract, ONLY longitudinal muscles, NO segmentation, most numerous invertebrates, ex. trichonella

Clitellum

Sac on earthworms that contains sperm

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia

Scallops

moon jelly

Scyphozoa

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia

Sea Hares

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia Order Nudibranchia

Sea Slugs

Nematocysts

Specialized cnidocytes that contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the cell wall of the cnidarian's prey

Cnidocytes (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)

Specialized stinging cells

Why do sponges represent a separate lineage distinct from all other animal phyla?

They lack true tissues.

Crinoidea (sea lillies and feather stars)

Sea lillies attached to substrate by stalk, feather stars crawl

Tube worms, earth worms, and leeches belong to which annelid group?

Sedentaria

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia

Ship Worms

Porifera

Simplest animals that lack true tissue; protostomes; sponges

nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

Cnidarians (Jelly Fish)

Tubular animals that mostly live in shallow marine waters Body forms = polyp & medusa

Flatworms divided into 4 classes

Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda

Platyhelmithes Classes

Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

Diploblastic (Classification Criteria)

Two tissue layers Animals with two tissue layers have the tissue level of organization

Complete metamorphosis

Type of metamorphosis; Larval stages specialized for eating and growth (caterpillar, grub, maggot)

Incomplete metamorphosis

Type of metamorphosis; Young (nymphs) are mini adults with different body proportions and lack wings

Mouth/Anus

Undigested food is eliminated through the

Tunicates are in the subphylum ________

Urochordata

Phylum Brachiopoda

Valves

Molluscs (3 part body plan)

Visceral Mass = internal organs Mantle = may secrete shell and/or develop gills/lungs Foot = muscle adaption for locomotion/food capture

Class Asteroidea

Who? -sea stars Primary characteristics -arms in groups of 5 -carnivores -eversible stomach -walk on tube feet Ecological role -predators -food source

Phylum Echinodermata

Who? -sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea lilies Primary characteristics -penta-radial symmetry -deuterostome -spiny skin -water vascular system -all species are marine

Class Echinoidea

Who? -sea urchins, heart urchins Primary characteristics -interlocking test -aristotle's lantern -spines -pedicillariae Ecological role -grazers -prey

Phylum Annelida

Who? -segmented worms Primary characteristics -segmented body -vermiform -diversity of head appendages

Class Gastropoda

Who? -snails, limpets, whelks Primary characteristics -flattened foot, radula, torsion, cap or coiled shell Ecological role -predators -prey -herbivores on rocky shores

structure of a hydrozoa

a colony of polyps enclosed by a hard, continuos covering

mesohyl

a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge

mesohyl

a gelatinous, protein rich matrix in between the choanocytes and epithelial cells of a sponge -wandering cells that deliver necessary components to parts of cells, spicules are embedded here (support network, many elaborate forms with different materials)

Platyhelminthes posses cephalization, what is this?

a head (anterior) bearing sensory appendages

mantle

a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell

radula

a protrusible tongue-like organ with many teeth

Cerebral ganglia

a ring of neurons that encircles the digestive track, just anterior to pharynx, appears white in fresh disection

Over 1 billion people are infected with this nematode: a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti

a. Ascaris lumbricoides

sea wasp

causes irukandji syndrome -very venomous -enough toxin to kill 10 people

amoebocytes

cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals

type of body cavity

celomates

Spongoceal

center of sponge where water passes through

sbuphylum myriapoda class chilopoda

centipedes 1 pair of legs per segment carnivorous

_______ are the only mollusks that have a closed circulatory system

cephalopods

Members in subphylum crustacea have a cuticle that covers the head and extends over _______

cephalothorax

setae

chitinous bristles

corona

ciliated crown, when beating looks like a rotating wheel

siphonoglyph

ciliated groove

animals with true tissues

clade Eumetazoa

hydrozoa

class of cnidarians ex. obelia ex. Portuguese man-of-war -marine and freshwater

flower animals

class: anthozoa

box jelly + class

class: cubozoa -square shaped bell -corner of each bell are tentacles -very poisonous

Cheliceriformes (horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions)

clawlike feeding appendage, marine versions extinct except horseshoe crabs.

cerebral ganglia

clusters of nerve cell bodies that receive input

Polyps

cnidarians, like sea anemones, that do not move as much at all

specialized stinging cells

cnidocytes

colloblasts (comb jellyfish)

coil spiral filaments (like tentacles) found in jellyfish used to capture prey

Ectoprocts

colonial animals that ressemble moss, encased by hard exoskeleton studed with pores from where the lophophore extend

Ectoprocts (byrozoans)

colonial, exoskeleton encases colony, reef builders.

-invasive ctenophora species

comb jellies

Annelids have a _______ digestive system

complete

nematodes have a _______ digestive tract and a mouth with stylets.

complete

Syconoid

complex inner channel with choanocytes located inside the canals NOT the central osculum, have radial and incurrent cannals flagellated chamber ex. Grantia

Leuconoid

complex series of inner channels and often lacks central osculum, most common, chambers off canal, choanocytes localized to specialized chambers called flagellated chambers

Clitellum

conspicous band like structure involved in reproduction

responsible for doing what?

constructing coral reefs by hermatypic corals in a colony type

Visceral mass

contains most of the internal organs of a mollusk

What does the visceral mass contain?

contains the internal organs

Diploid

contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Phylum Cnidaria - Class Anthozoa

corals, anemones, sea whips, sea fans poly dominant -singular or colonial -form modules ecological role -foundation species - reef building -food source -predator

Arthropod body

covered by cuticle, exoskeleton of protein and chitin.

subphylum crustacea

crabs lobsters barnacles and shrimp

Oligochaetes reproduce by

cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites, exchange sperm and separate, clitellum slides off in soil. Some asexual by fragmentation.

how do hookworms work

-penetrate skin and travel through blood stream -go from heart to lung capillaries to alveolar spaces -might have dry throat or cough (pulmonary phase) -once they crawl up they are swallowed to intestine -eggs are then passed out through feces **anchor into mucosa and feed

rotifer body parts

-pseudocoelomate -corona -mastax -trophi -mouth and anus on separate sides

how do they eat

-feed by colloblasts -shoot out tentacles like harpoon structure, sticky head, entangles prey -signigicant predators when it comes to fish -can even eat other jellies

reproductive cycle of jellies

-fertilization (zygote: egg and sperm) -polyp: scyphistoma -asexual budding: strobiliation -medusa: ephyra

hydra

-freshwater cnidarian

cephalization

-go through the world with their heads first -concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body

Tapeworms

-have an anterior region w/ modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host -behind head region, scolex, a long series of proglottids are found that contain a full set of both male and female sex organs -complicated life cycles usually involves several hosts

coral disturbances

-if water warms up too much, pollutants in water, human activity: all can kill corals -corals are already living in too hot of waters, Zooxanthellae dip and bleaching occurs *disease, sedimentation, pollutants and changes in salinity, exposure, predation, physical contact TEMPERATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (ocean acidification): ph level dropping -overexploitation of building grounds, coast development, inland production

where and who are they most prevalent

-in the tropics -children have highest levels of infection

digestive system of planarians

-incomplete -GI tract insufficient **one hole for mouth and anus

severity of hookworms

-intestinal phase is most detrimental -one hookworm might ingest .6 ml/day -100 worms is common: 60 ml/day -1000 worms is half of blood supply

how to reduce infection

-keeping feces out of water, water purification -may be on grass, pigs or cows eat gras, little white nodules: babies will be born in poop: infects muscles on animals -dont eat raw or uncooked meat

hydatid cyst

-letting dogs lick your face; large fluid filled structure packed full of immature parasites, tapeworms that cannot complete development in humans but if it breaks you can die from anaphylactic shock; grow slowly but by year or two can be the size of the an orange -small, 4 mm, 3 body sections -contact is enough to kill -humans are definitive host, accidental host -does not complete full growth in humans -eggs do not hatch out into full organisms, eggs take host in different parts of the human body organs (brain, liver, etc.), largely affect sheep

eutely

-lose ability to go through cell division, cells can grow: new cells cannot heal or regenerate new body parts -(species specific number of cells, once reached no more cells grow) -not all cells retain genetic complements: only reproductive cells retain genetic complement: other cells lose genetic material and become very specialized cells **CANT GROW BACK

jellyfish body form

-medua is dominant body form, but have two body forms in their lifetime: dimorphism -polyp to medusa

pinworm

-most common nematode parasite in the world -infected dust -spreads through school populations because of poor hygiene -worms crawl out of anus making it itchy -everyone in household effected

leuconoid

-most complex, largest -large colonial masses -flagellated chambers -most sponges are these -water flows in through chambers and through small channels: no middle space

medusa

-mouth pointed downward direction ex. exumbrella shape, nerves and muscles

rotifers characteristics

-named for crown of cilia resembling a rotating wheel (corona) -same size as paramecium but 900 cells packed in -aquatic organisms: freshwater 95%marine 5% -free living NO PARASITES

optimum conditions for coral

-need to be shallow and sunny waters, nutrient poor water, rely on photosynthetic food from Zooxanthellae

systems present in planarians

-nervous system -brain present -reproductive system -incomplete digestive system

type of cellular organization of sponges

-no true tissues, no true systems -cells with specialized functions, working cooperatively *Parazoa

what affects infection

-number of worms, type of worms and nutrition effect morbidity -children and pregnant women are the worst

Phylum Cnidaria - Nematocytes

-one of the fastest motions in the animal kingdom -osmotic pressure -role of nitrous oxide?

muscle layers of planarians

-outer circular layer -inner longitudinal layer -diagonal layer

scyphistoma

Cnidaria; Scyphozoa; Name of the polyp in the Aurelia life cycle.

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia

Cockles

ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies

Phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies, all marine, 2 retractable tentacles armed with sticky colloblasts.

Animals with bilateral symmetry and triploblastic tissues make up (3)

Deuterostomes,lophotrochozoa,ecdysozoa

Lophophorates include two phyla

Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda, characterized by horseshoe-shape supension feeding organ.

Elephantiasis

Elephantiasis: blood lymphatic flow major effect on legs -nothing can be done to remove fluid, hardened -fastest spreading diseases world wide because they are transmitted by mosquitos -1 billion world wide

free-ranging worms are called

Errantia

Fish Flukes

Monogenea

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata

Mud Snails

Animals with true tissues, all except sponges (porifera)

Eumetazoans

Subphylum Trilobita

Extinct arthropods, bottom feeders, little specialization of body segments

Phylum Echonodermata have cephalization. (T/F)

False

Brachiopods are important reef-builders. (T/F)

False; Bryozoans

The alimentary canal allows rotifers to feed discontinuously (T/F)

False; continuously

Annelids have a single transport system. (T/F)

False; double

Phylum Echonodermata have bilateral symmetry . (T/F)

False; modified radial symmetry

Platyhelminthes are hermaphrodites that self fertilize. (T/F)

False; most are hermaphrodites but do not self fertilize

All mollusks have a radula. (T/F)

False; most have radula, those who don't have filter feeding

Platyhelminthes are bottom dwellers. (T/F)

False; they must be close to the surface because they respire by diffusion

Nematode that causes elephantiasis

Filariasis

Choanocytes

Flagellated cells that line the spongocoel

parapodia

Fleshy footlike appendages

spongin

Flexible material that make up the skeleton of some sponges **sponges form of collagen

Nematocyst (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)

Fluid-filled capsule

Class Turbellaria

Free living, aquatic, muscular pharynx(suck in food), ex. planaria

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata

Garden Slugs

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata

Garden Snails

Many contain spiraled shells; exhibit torsion [mollusks]

Gastropoda

Three major classes of Phylum Molusca

Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia

Giant Clams

parazoa

Group of animals with no true tissues ex. sponges

decapods

Group of crustaceans that includes crabs and lobsters. The cuticle is reinforced, forming a dorsal shield called the carapce.

Rod of Asclepius may be based on this nematode

Guinea worm

spicules

Hard fibers that make up the sponge's body and support it -Spongin -Silicon -CaCO3

Planarians (3 kinds of muscle layers)

Outer circular layer Inner longitudinal layer Diagonal layer

Two Layered Body Sac (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)

Outer layer = protective epidermis Inner layer = gastrovascular cavity

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia

Oysters

torsion

In gastropods, a developmental process in which the visceral mass rotates up to 180°, causing the animal's anus and mantle cavity to be positioned above its head.

strobiliation

In most scyphozoans, a scyphistoma produces immature medusae (ephyrae) by asexual fission at its oral end

Four types of Crustacea

Isopods and Decapods, Copepods, Barnacles (hardened cuticle)

Phylum Cnidaria - body plans

Jellyfish - medusa dominant Corals - poly dominant

ephyra

Juvenile jellyfish

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda

Key Hole Limpets

hydrostatic skeleton

Layers of circular and longitudinal muscles that, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable movement

Planula Larvae

fertilized sperm and egg medusae that settles to the bottom and develops into benthic, sessile polyp

gills

filamentous organs that are specialized for gas exchange

Protostome

first embryonic opening becomes the mouth

ecological importance of rotifers

fish food

sessile (sponges)

fixed in one place; immobile

Choanocytes

flagellated cells lining a series of chambers, they beat flagella to move water through sponge body and collect particles through the collar

Phylum Playthelmithes

flat worms, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development, acoelomate(no body cavity), closed digetive system

Lophotrochozoans

flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids

nematocyst

fluid filled capsule

parasitic flatworms

flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes)

Trematoda

flukes, parasitic

3 body parts of mollusks:

foot,visceral mass,mantle

pedal laceration

form of asexual reproduction; can leave pedal disk behind to grow into new animal

where do roundworms live

found in thin film of water because they can dry out

turbellarians

free-living flatworms -whirl pool

Turbellaria

free-living, planaria

Planarians (free-living flatworms)

fresh water arrow shaped head auricles function as sense organs two light sensitive eye spots ladder-type nervous system have undergone cephalization excretory-organ functions in a osmotic regulation and water excretion way

Class Hirudinea

fresh water, feed on other invertebrates, secretes hirudin and anesthetics into wound.

The pharynx opens to a _________ ______, where food is digested

gastrovascular cavity

collar

grabs food particles from water

Gizzard

grinds food

cuticle

hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles

triploblastic

has three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

dimorphism

having two body forms in their lifetime

The clam, snail and octopus are all molluscs. The muscular foot of a snail is homologous to which of these?

head of the octopus

Gastropoda (snails, slugs)

head, symmetrical, undergo torsion, anus and mantle cavity above head, radula

Zooxanthellae

helps coral with CaCo3

The blood of cephalopods contains the copper rich protein ________ for transporting oxygen

hemocyanin

The blood of annelids contains the respiratory pigment: a. hemocyanin b. hemoglobin c. haemerythrin d. chlorocruorin

hemoglobin

The salivary secretion of leeches is called

hirudin

Tentacles

how Cnidarian capture prey containing nematocysts

Shistosoma mansoni

human blood fluke that causes disease shistosomiasis

Which part of the mollusk secretes a shell?

mantle

The ______ _______ houses delicate gills

mantle cavity

Crustacea (crabs, shrimp...)

marine and freshwater, branched appendages.

Class Polychaeta

marine, benthic, carnivores/scavengers/planktivores, parapodia, rich blood vessels.

Turbellaria (planarians)

marine, freshwater, terrestrial, predators and scavengers, body surface ciliated, lack coelom, gastrovascular cavity (one opening)

what treats jelly stings

meat tenderizer

body forms of cnidarians

medusa and polyp

Sponges consits of a noncellular layer between two cell layers called

mesohyl, either spicules of silica or flexible fibers called spongin

sbuphylum myriapoda class diplopoda

millipedes 2 pairs of legs per segment herbivorous

copepods

minute shrimp-like crustaceans; often they are the most common zooplankton in estuarine waters

symbiotic relationship with corals

modified dinoflagelletes called Zooxanthellae

Do mollusks have a open or closed circulatory system?

most have an open circulatory system

subphylum heapoda

most species of insects wings 35 orders separate sexes, internal fertilization metamorphosis

Hexapoda (insect)

most species, complex organ systems, exoskeleton led to success. Flight another success, sexual reproduction, 30 orders.

mandibles

mouthparts of arthropods

Flagella

moves water

Animals

multicellular heterotrophic diploid monophyletic

Asteroidea (sea stars)

multiple arms radiating central disk, tube feet, regrow lost arms.

All of the following were important contributions to the large adaptive diversity of insects except?

multiple origins of wings in different insect groups.

Mollusk body plan

muscular foot, mantle which secretes shell water filled chamber with organs. Some have heads.

Most flatworms have a _______ ________ that may be extended through the mouth

muscular pharynx

Pharynx

muscular structure located behind mouth

hookworm

nematode

Caenorhabditis elegans

nematode worm; -exceedingly small, homogenous, know fate of each cell and life cycle

Do Echinoderms have cephalization?

no

Do Echnioderms have a brain?

no

Echinoidea (sea urchins)

no arms, five rows of tube feet.

Asymmetry (Classification Criteria)

no particular body shape e.g. sponge

Arthropods have compound eyes called _______

ommatidia

How many openings does an Incomplete digestion system have?

one opening that serves as a mouth and anus

Digestive tract evolves from ____ opening to ____

one,two

Concentricycloidea (Sea daisies)

only three species known.

Arthropods have a(n) _________ circulatory system

open

role of the excretory organ in planarians

osmotic regulation and water excretion

ectoderm

outer layer containing the protective epidermis

chelicerae

pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey

Neurotoxic

paralyze nervous system

Cl.Polychaeta

parapodia extending off each segment

Cl. Trematoda

parasistic, flukes, two distinct suckers (one at the anterior end and one a quarter down the body) ex. Fasciola hepatica(liver fluke) and Shistosoma mansoni-human blood fluke that causes shistosomiasis

Trematoda (flukes)

parasites, most on vertebrates, 2 suckers ATTACH to host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.

Cestoda (tapeworms)

parasitic, segmented, suckers hooks on scolex, absorb food particles from host.

muscular foot

part of a mollusks head-foot whose function is locomotion

planktonic rotifer life cycle

parthenogenesis or sexual reproduction

What is ecdysis?

periodic molting of the exoskeleton

Planaria Slide

pharynx, intestine, ocelli

mastax

pharynx: throat region

one of the oldest groups in eumetazoa

phylum Cnidaria, jellies, corals and hydras. Simple diploblastic radial body.

roundworms

phylum nematoda

Proglottid

phylum platyhelminthes, cl. cestoda, ovary and testis

Fasciola hepatica

phylum platyhelminthes, class trematoda, ventral sucker, oral sucker, intestine, ovary, testis

rotifers naming

phylum rotifera

comb jellies

phylum: ctenophora

flatworms

phylum: platyhelminthes

Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuddlefish)

predators, mantle covers visceral mass, missing or greatly reduced shell, closed circulatory system, complex brain and well-developed sense organs.

Platyhelminthes are among the first animals to have a ______ lifestyle

predatory

molting

process in which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

sexual reproduction, major players in decomposition and nutrient recycling. Some parasitic, plant roots and humans (raw pork).

Echnioderms reproduce ______ with separate sexes and _____ fertilization

sexually, external

Bivalvia (clams, oysters, scallops)

shell with two halves, reduced head, no radula. Suspension feeders, trapping particles in mucus coating gills.

Echnioderms have a _____ nervous system

simple

Tunicates have a ______ nervous system

simple

Tunicates are filter feeders with 2 _______

siphons

Echinoderms (sea-stars)

slow moving, thin epidermis, water vascular system, tube feet, sexual internal reproduction.

nematocysts

small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators

Nautiluses

small group of shelled cephalopod.

Phylum Rotifera

small in size, aquatic, numerous complex organ systems, first group to exhibit an alimentary canal(one way digestive system) that allows for specialization of cells along this digestive tract

Phylum Mollusca

snails, slugs, oysters, octopuses and squids, some shelled some reduced or missing shell.

gemmules

some cells will be incased in a capsule to get them through hard times including harsh conditions, form of asexual reproduction

What kind of nervous system do annelids have? a. simple b. sophisticated c. none of the above

sophisticated

Arthropods have a _______ brain that consits of _____ _____ connected to several smaller ventral ______

sophisticated, cerebral ganglia, ganglia

choanocytes

specialized cell in sponges that uses a flagellum to move a steady current of water through the sponge

Cnidocytes

specialized cells in cnidaria

Nematocysts

specialized organelles able to sting by injecting venom

Gonozoids

specialized polyps that produce medusa, medusae released from theses polyps are motile and ultimately produces eggs or sperm by meiosis

Subphylum Chelicerata

spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pairs of walking legs plus pedipalps and chelicerae

What is Echnioderms endoskeleton covered with?

spines and pedicellariae

In a tracheal system, oxygen gas enters ___ and diffuses to individual cells

spiracles

Members in class Polyplacophora have a. radial cleavage b. spiral cleavage

spiral cleavage

basal animals that lack true tissues and organs

sponges, phylum Porifera

Rotifer

trochal disk(cilia) to capture food, pharynx with mastix(grinding apparatis), toes and pedal glands(attach) that secrete an adhesive

Mollusks have ______ larva

trochophore

Leeches have powerful suckers at both ends of the body (T/F)

true

Tunicates are mostly hermaphroditic. (T/F)

true

celomates

true body cavity room for organ development

What is the function of tube feet in Echnioderms?

tube feet function in movement, gas exchange, and feeding

Hydra (Freshwater cnidarian)

tubular poly body 1 quarter inch long gastrovascular cavity is central cavity tentacles can respond to stimuli

Diploblastic

two embryonic germ layers

Radial Symmetry (Classification Criteria)

two identical halves e.g. jellyfish

How many openings are in a complete digestion

two openings for mouth and anus

Which invertebrate phylum is most closely related to the vertebrates? a. cephalopoda b. cephalochordata c. urochordata d. radiata e. both b and c are equally related to the vertebrates

urochordata

Muscular foot

used for movement in mollusks

The mollusk body plan consists of 3 basic parts:

visceral mass mantle foot

Crustacea have _____ legs on the cephalothorax

walking legs

Spicules

walls of sponge that are supportive structures; composition vary by species that could be CaCO3 or SiO2 or Spongin Protein

optimal conditions for jellies

warmer the water, the better environment for cnidarians, feed on larval fish (bad for fish stocks)

Process of water flow on a sponge

water flow, through the ostia to a central chamber called a spongacele out of the osculum

the staff of asclepius

world health symbol, nematode around stick

Earthworm

ID mouth, anus, setae

largest parasitic disease

malaria

Crustacea mouth parts

mandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds

Incomplete gut usually surrounded by tentacles; uses gastrovascular cavity

Cnidaria

Stinging nettles (cnidocyte) containing nematocyst

Cnidaria

Two body types: polyp and medusa

Cnidaria

types of systems present

-ecretory, nervous, muscular system

jellyfish and medusa type organisms phylum

Cnidaria

Phylum Annelida

"little rings" segmented bodies, bilateral, coelomate and protostomes.

Phylum Porifera

"pore bearer" first multicell animals, do NOT form true tissues, body of sponge is a collection of flagellated cells (choanocytes), filter feed on cellular level; sponge has outer layer of epidermal cells with interspersed porocytes that allow water to pass through the epidermal layer into central spongoceal that is lined with chonanocytes that pull water through the porocytes into the spongocoel and out a center exit called osculum

Class Schyphozoa

"true" jellyfish, medusa called schyphomedusa is dominant stage with NO velum but HAVE oral arms ex. Aurelia

velocity of water flow

*inversely proportionate to the cross-sectional surface area ( V = 1/A) -surface area goes up, slower the water flows -more time sponge has to eat when the water is slow, results in bigger and more complex sponges ex. barrel sponge

means of movement

*largest animals that propel themselves by means of cilia only

worst infections (3)

-1. malaria 2. Schistosomiasis 3. hookworm

Sponge Reproduction

-Asexual reproduction by fragmenting or budding -Sexual reproduction produces a flagellated larva that may swim to a new location

marine natural products

-Concerns disciplines of Organic chemistry, Bioorganic chemistry, Pharmacology, Biology and Ecology -12,000+ compounds isolated from marine sources -Secondary metabolites

Comb Jelly fish (Ctenophora)

-Diploblastic -radially symmetrical -free swimming marine invertebrates -small, transparent, and sometimes bioluminescent -body composed of mesoglea -largest animals propelled by beating of cilia -capture prey with colloblasts

schistosomiasis

-Goal is to not to kill the host -21 different species, -20 alone affect africa -77 countries affected -2nd most influential disease -Results in life-long morbidity, infected over and over again -Affects people who rely on water for daily life activities -Reside in blood in intestine or bladder (species in middle-east) -Schistosome cercariae can penetrate skin, can detect chemicals of skin -Snail control and water control very important -Snail fever is another name -Extremely extended abdomen show signs of blood build up

do epithelial cells run longitudinally or horizontally

-epithelial cells run longitudinally which moves the tentacles

cestodes (tapeworms)

-Have anterior region with modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host (scolex) -Body - Long series of proglottids -Each segment contains a full set of male and female sex organs -Self-fertilize -Complicated life cycles

hookworm characteristics

-Infects 1 billion people worldwide -1/5 world's population -bilateral symmetrical in body

planarians characteristics

-Live in freshwater habitats -Head is bluntly arrow shaped -Auricles = sense organs -Two light-sensitive eye spots -Three kinds of muscle layers: Outer circular layer Inner longitudinal layer Diagonal layer -Excretory organ functions in osmotic regulation and water excretion -Asexual/Hermaphroditic

roundworms characteristics

-Non-segmented, generally colorless worms -important in cycling material and nutrients -found in every environment -feed on bacteria and fungi: keep them under control -tremendous research value -deepest organisms ever identified -parasitic nematodes: 50% and free-living 50% -huge importance agriculturally

Portuguese Man-of-War

-Polyp and medusa are attached, floats with CO2 in medusa

structure of anthozoa

-Polyp; NO MEDUSA -Large gastrovascular cavity with septa -Ciliated groove - siphonoglyph -Circular and longitudinal muscles -Attachment by pedal disk -Pedal laceration -Potent nematocysts/Acontia -Coral reefs - Hermatypic corals -Calcareous cups secreted by polyps Zooxanthellae

trematodes (flukes)

-Reproductive system well developed -Usually hermaphroditic -Complex life cycle -leaf like body -*endoparasites

examples of anthozoa

-Sea anemones, hard corals, sea fans

Irukandji syndrome

-The symptoms and effects of a sting by a Carukia. Minor pain when stung, 5-60 minute delay to onset of symptoms, intense pain, shaking, vomiting, swelling, rapid heartbeat, 90% require morphine, symptoms last for weeks ** Dermonecrotic

nematodes

-Ubiquitous, Abundant, and Habitat- or Host-Specific -more nematodes on planet than anything else -found in every environment and ecological niche -even in polar ice caps

Tracheids(outside of vessel elements) Vessel elements

-What are elongated cells in the Xylem that serve to transport water and mineral salts? -what conducts water upwards in a plant, building blocks of vessles, goes from roots to leaves?

Sieve tube cells (big) Companion cells(little)

-What elongated cell in the phloem of flowering plants transports carbohydrates and sucrose. Lacks a nucleus, ribosomes and vacuole. -What connects to the previous cells by channels (plasmodesmata) in the cell wall? Have a nucleus and ribosomes.

Fibers Sclereids

-What has elongated, tapered cells, a thick secondary wall, forked ends, most are dead upon maturity, some are gelationous. -What is typically idioblasts, lignified secondary walls, pitting and plasmodesmata present. Found in fruits, stems, leaves and seed coats. Not found in roots. Provides support.

Meristem Apical Meristem Lateral meristem

-What is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentated cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place? -The growing tip of the plant is called? -What surrounds the plant and causes it to grow latterally?

Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem 1&2 are found together in vascular bundles

-What tissue serves as a transport system in a plant? -What tissue transports water and soluable minerals upwards. Helps support the plant and living perenchyma cells. Dead. -What transports sugars from one part of the plant to another?

coral triangle

-above australia has the most coral -Indo-Pacific biodiversity of many group is greatest in a center of diversity in the area of Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

characteristics of ctenophora

-all marine -8 comb rows = ctenes; covered by long cilia -2 long tentacles; Colloblasts -Fragile, transparent body -NO NEMATOCYSTS -Apical sense organ -Voracious appetite -Bioluminescence -radial symmetry

complex life cycle

-allows them to exploit multiple hosts

Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis

-animals are descendants from an ancestor resembling a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. -individual cells within the colony become specialized -two tissue layers could have arisen by infolding of certain cells into a hollow sphere -this hypothesis implies that radial symmetry preceded bilateral symmetry

reproductive system

-asexual: hermaphroditic *penis fighting

ocean acidification

-becoming less basic because we are pumping CO2 into the atmosphere which in term ends up in the ocean as carbonic acid (same process in bodies) -chemicals dissociate to H+ and carbonate ions

Lophotrochozoa

-bilateral symmetry -embryos have three germ layers -protostome pattern of development -adults have the organ level of organization -some have a true coelom -divided into two groups -Lophophores (brachiopod) - Trocophores (flat worms, mollusks)

how is coral growth affected

-coral skeleton: aragonite: CaCo3: fibrous crystals: leads to altered reformation and disruptive coral growth -30% decline in ability to lay down reefs when CO2 increases by 2 fold

cryptobiosis

-death like state which rotifer can remove all body water and have no metabolism -when conditions improve they can do it again -other organisms can do this too including sea monkeys

flame cells

-early kidney -have cilia that flickers like a flame -balances water in body and excretes fluids

reproductive system of tapeworms

-regularly self-fertilize: one proglottid can fertilize another proglottid

only important systems

-reproductive system -attachment device *no digestive system (GI tract), rudimentary nervous system

polyps

-sedentary -one entrance to body cavity -mouth pointed upwards

rhopalium

-sense organs -includes statocyst + ocelli - located between bell and tentacles

cuticle

-shed cuticle four times in life: hormone -resistant to enzymes and acids -forms outer boundary of organism -arthropods and nematodes have similar molting processes

Sponges

-simplest multicellular organism -lack true tissues and have only a cellular level of organization -saclike bodies perforated with many pores -beating of flagella produces water currents which flow through pores into central cavity and out osculum -sessile filter feeders

asconoid

-small, tube-shaped flagellated spongocoel -simpliest ex. bath sponge

Rotifers

-smallest microscopic animal, more complex then tapeworm -named for crown of cilia(corona) resembling a spinning wheel -corona serves as both an organ of locomotion and directs food to the mouth

how can you get hookworms

-soil transmitted -can get hookworms walking through the grass

how does sperm move in nematodes

-sperm in nematodes and arthropods has to crawl, cells are amoeboid

importance of ctenophora

-successful under climate changes, especially warmth

level of organization

-tissue level -diploblastic

planarians locomotion

-transverse fibers give more efficient locomotion -muscle layers give more complex moving motions -duo glands produce mucus that allows it to move

level of organization

-triploblastic -organ and system level -no specialized circulatory or respiratory structures

Phylum Cnidaria - Class Scyphozoa

-true jellyfish -medusa dominant --life cycle has very small poly stage -ecological role --predators --typically members of the plankton

syconoid

-tubular body flagellated canals -body of sponge is being divided into smaller chambers (fingers), water comes in through these canals to these 'fingers' ex. glass sponge: made of silicon

guinea worm

-very long with good reproductive output: *lymphatic systems -hatch eggs at surface is order to get them in water -drink contaminated water is how people get infected -fire serpent: if worm breaks toxic chemicals are released -to get rid need to twirl on stick -world health organization want to completely eradicate guinea worm by end of 2015 (majority in sudan)

methods for locomotion

-watching a nematode wiggle, thrash: is way to identify: longitudinal muscles -muscle fibers go out to contact the nerve fibers (abnormal) -no ciliated cells or flagellated cell: similar to arthropods

Parasitic Flatworms (Flukes, and Tape worms)

-well developed nerves and gastrovascular cavity are unnecessary -absence of cephalization (considered an evolutionary trend, whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs.)

Flukes

-well developed reproductive system -usually hermaphroditic

rotifer systems

-well developed reproductively system -complete digestive system with intra and extracellular digestion -salivary and gastric gland put enzymes on food before they reach stomach -ecretory system based on osmoregulation: flame cells

sexual reproduction

-when conditions are harsh mitctic eggs may be produced: swimming testes producing sperm: doesn't feed, doesn't have a mouth or GI tract, happening by mitosis: haploid sperm fertilizes haploid egg -fertilizes egg producing a diploid resting egg, called winter egg and responds changing environment that turns into female *stress cycle

what percent of oceans waters is coral reef

0.17%

About ___ % of cattle are infected by beef tapeworms

1%

List the 3 clades of bilateral animals

1. Lophotrochozoa (protostome) 2. Ecdysozoa (protostome) 3. Deuterostomia

What are two functions of the corona?

1. The corona creates water currents that propel the animal through water 2. It wafts small planktonic organisms or decomposing organic material to the mouth

reproductive cycle of flukes

1. larvae penetrate skin and mature in liver 2. adult worms live in blood vessels of human gut 3. eggs migrate to digestive tract and passed in feces 4. ciliated larva (miracidia) hatch in water and enter snail 5. in snail mother sporocyst encases daughter larvae (cercariae) 6. larvae (cercariae) break out of daughter sporocysts and enter water

List the 4 key innovations of Phylum Chordata

1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. postanal tail

what do corals provide

1000's spp. Fish 100,000 spp. Inverts 1/10 world's total fish harvest Billions of $$ tourist trade/yr. 500 million people depend of reefs

Cnidaria

10000+ species, sac w/ central digestive compartment, gastrovascular cavity. (medusa and polyp)

Crustacea have ____ pairs of antennae

2

Phylum Arthropods

2/3 animals, all habitats, segmented body, jointed appendages, Cambrian explosion.

Incomplete metamorphosis. How many stages? Do the young look similar to adults?

3 stages young resemble miniature adults

complete metamorphosis

4 stages adult and larval stages are very different

The body of most Echinoderms can be divided into ____ parts

5

Invertebrates account for what percent of animals

95%

pseudocoelomate

A body cavity with mesoderm on only one side

Sessile

An organism that does not move. It remains attached to one place. -sponges stuck to hard surfaces

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

amictic egg

A diploid egg that cannot be fertilized

What is a mantle?

A fold of skin draped over the visceral mass

Mantle

A fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell on a mollusk

planarians

A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.

Mesophyl

A gelatinous matrix that separates the 2 layers of cells in the wall of a sponge

osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled

mesoglea

A layer of connective tissue between the endo and ectoderm

proglottids

A long ribbon of identical segments that are found behind the scolex in cstodes. These are segments of sex organs that develop thousands of eggs.

arachnids

A member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. All members have eight pairs of walking legs.

isopods

A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.

myriapods

A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two pairs of legs per segment. millipedes and centipedes comprise the two classes of living myriapods.

mantle cavity

A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusk

In ______ circulatory systems, fluid does not leave

Closed

Cnidaria includes groups with a variety of body forms, but all share which common feature?

All have a gastrovascular cavity and tentacles.

Cubozoa

All marine, box shaped complex eyes, potent venom

Anthozoa

All marine, medusa stage gone, sessile many colonial

Scyphozoa (true jellies)

All marine, polyp stage reduced or gone.

Hydrozoans

Alternate between polyp and medusa stage; branch of cnidaria

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Ammonoidea

Ammonites

Cnidarians

An ancient phylum of eumetazoans; hydrostatic skeleton; protostomes; diploblastic; radial symmetry; no brain, but have a nerve net; jelly fish

pseudocoelomate

An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm

diploblastic

An organism whose body is made of only two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm; the two are connected by a noncellular layer called the mesoglea; animal phyla that are this are the Porifera (sponges) and the Cnidaria (jellyfish and hydra)

invertebrates

Animals without backbones

Segmented worms

Annelida

Uses parapodia to move

Annelida

crustaceans

Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs.

sponge-derived bioactive compounds

Ara-A Ara-C Manoalide IPL512602 KRN 7000, LAF389, Discodermolide. HT1286 on market: anticancer phospholipase inhibitor antiviral clinical trials: -anti-inflammatory -anticancer

3/4 of all living species are in this phylum

Arthropoda

Evolved from segmented worms

Arthropoda

Jointed feet, bilateral symmetry, segmented body, hard exoskeleton made of chitin

Arthropoda

Represent > 85% of animal species

Arthropoda

______ represent 85% of animal species

Arthropods

parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. -not all do this but some do -eggs develop into adults without being fertilized -not specific to rotifers -some species that only have females.. No males present... only clones -grow population very quickly in favorable conditions -diploid eggs are called amictic eggs and produce only females *usual cycle

Six classes of Phylum Echinoderms

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echionoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, Concentricycloidea

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Belemnoidea

Belemnites

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Bilateral, complex organs, true muscle tissues. Many parasitic species (flukes, tapeworms)

Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops; hinged shell [mollusks]

Bivalvia

Coelom

Body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

maxillae

Bones that form upper jaw

________ are bottom dwelling organisms with two shell halves.

Brachiopods

Oligochaeta

Branch of Annelida; key feature = chaetae (bristles made of chitin); ex. Christmas tree worm

Polychaeta

Branch of Annelida; sparse chaetae (bristles made of chitin); ex. earthworms

Hirudinea

Branch of Annelida; suck blood; secrete hirudin; ex. leeches

Insecta

Branch of Arthropoda; have 6 legs and 3 body regions; respiratory organs consist of tracheal tubes; ex. grasshoppers

Arachnids

Branch of Arthropoda; have 8 legs; respiratory organs consist of book lungs; ex. spiders

Crustaceans

Branch of Arthropoda; have many pairs of appendages (more than 8); respiratory organs consist of thin areas of cuticle or gills; glands regulate salt balance; 2 or 3 body segments; ex. crabs

Polyplacophora

Branch of Mollusca; 8-plate shell, but not segmented; ex. chiton

Cephalopoda

Branch of Mollusca; closed circulatory system; ex. squid

Bivalvia

Branch of Mollusca; shell divided into 2 halves; suspension feed (no radula); ex. clams

Gastropoda

Branch of Mollusca; torsion; ex. snail

Trematoda

Branch of Platyhelminthes; Alternating sexual and asexual stages; require intermediate host (parasitic); ex. blood fluke

Turbellaria

Branch of Platyhelminthes; mostly aquatic and free-living (not dependent on host); no cuticle; pretty sea flatworms = example

Cestoda

Branch of Platyhelminthes; parasitic; both male and female sex organs are present in one organism; absorbs nutrients through skin; use flame cells for excretion; tapeworms

Chaetae

Bristles made of chitin; aka cillia

These animals look like plants, their Latin roots mean "moss animal"

Bryozoans

________ can be found encrusted on rocks in shallow aquatic environments

Bryozoans

secretes and lives inside zoecium

Bryozoans

Corals, jellyfish, hydras

Cnidaria

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda

Catseye

Cleavage (Protostomes/Deuterostromes)

Cell division without growth

Amoebocytes

Cells that transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge body, produce materials for skeletal fibers (spicules), or become any type of sponge cell as needed

lancelets are in the subphylum ________

Cephalochordata

Squids and octopi; little to no shell; active hunters [mollusks]

Cephalopoda

Diploblastic phyla with radial symmetry

Cnidaria

Tapeworms

Cestoda

Which class of platyhelminthes have two separate host species in their life cycle?

Cestoda (tapeworms)

Horshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks

Cheliceriformes

Four subphylums of Arthropoda

Cheliceriformes, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Crustacae

Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora Family Chitonidae

Chitons

flagellated collar cells, generate water current through the sponge

Choanocytes

Crabs, shrimps, barnacles, lobsters

Crustacea

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Sepioidea Suborder Sepiida

Cuttlefish

Bilateral Symmetry (Classification Criteria)

Definite right and left half e.g. butterfly Animals tend to be active and to move forward at an anterior end

hermatypic corals

Describing coral species possessing symbiotic zooxanthellae within their tissues and capable of secreting calcium carbonate at a rate suitable for reef production.

gastrovascular cavity

Digestive chamber with a single opening; digests foods and moves nutrition to all parts of the body -cniarians release enzymes inside gastrovascular cavity in order to digest food -sponges (poriferas) participate in extracellular digestion (phagocytosis)

2 Forms of Embryonic Development (Classification Criteria)

Diploblastic Triploblastic

Hermaphrodites

Each individual is both male and female (looking for the plural); most sponges are this

Nematods and Arthropods are in the Phylum a. Annelids b. Ecdysozoa c. Deuterostomia d. Platyhelminthes

Ecdysozoa

Closely related to chordates with a water vascular system

Echinodermata

Only animal in bilateral lineage exhibiting radial symmetry as adults; however, larvae are bilateral

Echinodermata

Sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea lillies, and sea cucumbers all belong to Phylum ________

Echinodermata

Starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea feathers

Echinodermata

Cephalochordates are more closely related to _______

Echinoderms

Diploblastic

Has epidermis and gastrodermis (2 cell layers)

Planaria

Have ganglia (dense clusters of nerve cells), eye spots, and a mouth; non-parasitic; type of flatworm; can regenerate head and tail; two-way digestion (food and waste travel through mouth)

Heart worm

Heart worm -cats,ferrets, wolves,foxes -right atrium more affected than left: blood vessels -leads to heard failure

Insects

Hexapods

Ascaris lumbricoides

Human intestinal roundworm -very durable -can live in soil for a very long time

Phylum Cnidaria divided into four major groups

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa

complete metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult

incomplete metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult

5% of animal species are

Invertebrate

Animals that aren't chordates and lack a backbone are known as

Invertebrates

Monophyletic

Invertebrates and Vertebrates can trace their ancestry to the same ancestor

acontia

Located at the base of an anemones (Anthozoa) gastrovascular cavity, these help kill ingested prey *f

clade Bilateria contains three clades and are triploblastic

Lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoa, deuterostoma

bleaching

Loss of Zooxanthellae Death of coral

Monogenea

Marine and freshwater parasites, infect external surface of fish, ciliated larva starts infection on host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.

Platyhelminthes

Means "flatworm"; triploblastic; acoelomate; protostomes; type of phylum

Body type of cnideria that is normally mobile

Medusa

Scyphozoans

Medusa is the prominent stage; most are jellyfish; branch of cnidaria

ammonites

Mollusc organisms like snails, clams, brachiopods, octopus, and squid.

Bivalvia belong in which phylum? a. Rotifera b. Mollusca c. Brachiopoda d. Bryozoa

Mollusca

Cephalopoda belong in which phylum? a. Rotifera b. Annelida c. Bryzoa d. Mollusca

Mollusca

Clams, squids, snails

Mollusca

Complete cephalization and nervous system; many species secrete calcium carbonate shells from mantle

Mollusca

Gastropoda belong in which phylum? a. Ecdysozoa b. Mollusca c. Bryzoa d. Annelida

Mollusca

The only bilaterally symmetric phyla with both closed and open circulatory systems

Mollusca

This phylum contains snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses, and squids

Mollusca

Uses a radula to feed

Mollusca

Phylum Bryozoa

Moss Animals

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia

Mussels

Millepedes and centipedes

Myriapoda

subphylum crustacea have a ______ ________ very different from adult

Nauplius larva

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Nautiloida

Nautilus

specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging head.

Nematocysts

Most abundant animal on Earth

Nematoda

Non-segmented worms with a complete gut

Nematoda

Ubiquitous, can be free living or parasitic; longitudinal muscle cord

Nematoda

Phylum Porifera

No tissues No symmetry Primary characteristics -Choanocytes -Organic skeleton made of spongin and silica -Sessile filter feeders Ecological role -Habitat, food -Predator -Competitor

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Octopoda

Octopus

Two main classes of Annelida

Oligochaeta (segmented worms), Polychaeta (marine segmented worms), Hirudinea

Classes of Annelida

Oligochaeta(few bristles), Polychaeta(many bristles, Hirudinea

mandibles

One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.

proglottids

One of the segments of a tapeworm, containing both male and female reproductive organs

duo glands

One secretes a "glue" and the other secretes something that breaks down glue; used to move/attach and reattach

Anthozoans

Only occur as polyps; branch of cnidaria; sea anemones and corals

In _____ circulatory systems, fluid leaves the vascular system

Open

book lungs

Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda

Paua

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Caenogastropoda

Periwinkles

Two phylums in Deuterostomia

Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata

Planaria

Phylum Platyhelmithes, Class Turbellaria

Nematoda

Phylum containing organisms with cylindrical bodies; no segmentation; protostomes; body covering = cuticle; roundworms

Mollusca

Phylum that consists of organisms that have a muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, and radula; open circulatory system; true coelom; bilateral symmetry; protostomes; ex. clams

Annelida

Phylum that includes segmented worms; coelomates; closed circulatory system; 5 pairs of hearts; gas exchange across skin; nervous system with ganglia and ventral nerve cords; protostomes; ex. earthworms

Arthropoda

Phylum that means "jointed feet"; protostomes; exoskeleton made of protein and polysaccharide chitin; molt; open circulatory system; segmentation; jointed appendages

Echinodermata

Phylum that means "spiny skin"; deuterostomes; endoskeleton; water vascular system; larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical, but adult stage isn't; ex. starfish

All phyla under bilateria have a complete digestive system except....

Platyhelminthes

Began evolution of cephalization

Platyhelminthes

Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Platyhelminthes

These animals respire by diffusion

Platyhelminthes

Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms

Platyhelminthes

Bilateria containt two main phylums

Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Rotifera (rotifers).

Body type of cnideria that is normally sessile

Polyp

Two stages of Cnidarians

Polyp and medusa

Mollusk that lives on rocks in intertidal areas; scrape algae

Polyplacophora

Body support provided by spicules

Porifera

Diploblastic phyla with no symmetry

Porifera

Sponges

Porifera

sponges phylum

Porifera

hermaphroditic

Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs

Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Protobranchia

Primitive deep water clam

Lophotrochozoa vs. Ecdysozoa

Protostome divided into two groups -separated based on rRNA genes and HOX genes Lophotrochozoa a combination of lophophorates and trochozoa Excydozoa have a hardened external strucutre/skeletal

_________ acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system in nematodes

Pseudocoelom

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Sepioidea Suborder Spirulida

Ram's Horn Squid

Protostome Cleavage - Deuterostome Cleavage -

Spiral Radial

Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Teuthoidea

Squid

Radula

Strap-like organ used to scrape up food; mollusks

Radial Symmetry

Symmetrical everywhere (think of a circle)

Next Evolutionary Event

Symmetry -Bilateral --plane of symmetry with similar form on either side of the plane --Involves anterior and posterior -Radial --similar form with respect to a center point in all directions

Epidermis

The outer layer of a sponge

Medusa

The body form of a jellyfish

Spongocoel

The cavity in which water enters after passing through pores of a sponge

Excretion

The elimination of nitrogenous waste

What is an advantage of the closed circulatory system?

The heart can pump blood through the tissues rapidly, making oxygen more readily available

ostia

The intake pores on a sponge

Cephalization (Classification Criteria)

The location of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end

Molting

The shedding of an arthropod's chitinous exoskeleton

Gametangium Gametophytes Antheridium Archegonium

There are structures onmulticellular plants called ____? In which sexual reproduction occurs in the ____________? Sperm is produced in the _________? Ova are produced in the _________?

Phylum Rotifers

Tiny, mostly freshwater, complete digestive tract, separate mouth and anus, multicellular, specialized organs.

First Major Evolutionary Events

Tissues -An aggregate of cells with similar structure and function that work in a coordinated manner Symmetry -The balanced distribution of duplicate body parts Those without true tissues or symmetry -Sponges Those with true tissues and some type of symmetry -Everybody else

operculum

Trapdoor, flap of skin, that covers the nematocyst

Which class of platyhelminthes include the blood flukes?

Trematoda

Which class of platyhelminthes includes the chinese liver fluke?

Trematoda

Trichinosis

Trichinosis -ingesting bad pork; eating muscle -transmitted by mosquitoes

Extinct arthropod subphylum

Trilobites

Annelids have a closed circulatory system. (T/F)

True

Members in Arthropoda have an exoskeleton that is relatively impermeable to water. (T/F)

True

Most rotifers are bottom dwelling organisms. (T/F)

True

Platyhelminthes are acoelomate. (T/F)

True

Platyhelminthes are the first animals to develop a complete 3 germ layers. (T/F)

True

Some flatworms are predators, but many are parasites. (T/F)

True

Errantia

What annelid group does the marine worm belong to?

...

What are some unique and key characteristics of Vascular plants?

Cork Cambium

What gives rise to the peridum with replaces the epidermis?

Gametophyte generation Sporophyte generation

What is the haploid(Asexual) generation called? diploid(sexual) generation?

Bark inner-peridum outer-Rhytidome

What is the outermost layer of stems and roots called?

This is a fern prothallus, kingdom plantae, seedless vascular plant, Phylum Pterophyta. 1. Archegonia 2.Antheridia The stringlike structures are called Rhizoids

What is this picture of (Kingdom, Phylum)? What is #1? What is #2? What are the string like structures in the bottom called?

This is a fern prothallus, kingdom plantae, seedless vascular plant, Phylum Pterophyta. A. Primary root B. Prothallus C. Rhizoids The top part that looks like a leaf is a young sporophyte.

What is this picture of (Kingdom, Phylum)? What is A? What is B? What is C?

Vascular cambium

What produces secondary Xylem and secondary phloem & gives rise to wood in plants?

Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Caenogastropoda

Whelks

Pores

Where water enters a sponge; formed by donut-shaped cells that span the body wall

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Who? -Flatwoms, flukes Primary characteristics -bilateral symmetry -flattened body shape -no circulatory system -two ventral nerve cords Ecological role -parasites of many marine environments

Class Ophiuroidea

Who? -brittle stars, basket stars Primary characteristics -jointed arms from central disc -use arms to move Ecological role -filter feed with tube feet -prey item -can live in very large groups, 2000 individuals, shelter for other animals

Phylum Broyzoa

Who? -bryozoans "moss animals" Primary characteristics -colonial -lophophore for feeding Ecological role -food source -found on hard substrates

Class Polyplacophora

Who? -chitons Primary characteristics -flat foot, radula, eight shell plates Ecological role -herbivores on rocky shores

Class Bivaliva

Who? -clams, mussels Primary charcateristics -symmetrical shells, foot, gill for feeding Ecological role -filter feeders -foundation species in mussel beds -competitors for space in rocky intertidal

Phylum Mollusca

Who? -clams, snails, squid, octopus, chitons, limpets, tusk shells Primary characteristics -veligar larva -shell (most) -head/foot complex

Phylum Cnidaria

Who? -corals, anemones, sea fans, sea whips, jellyfish, box jellies Primary characteristics -radial symmetry -nematocytes in cnidocytes -two body forms --sessile polyp --mobile medusa

Class Crustacea

Who? -crabs, barnacles, lobsters Primary characteristics -head with 2 pairs of antennae -feeding and/or walking appendages on thorax Ecological role -predator, prey, symbiont, parasite -many benthic habitats -sessile and errant forms

Class Cephalopoda

Who? -cuttlefish, squid, octopus, nautilus Primary characteristics -reduced shell in most -advanced nervous system -gasping arms Ecological role -predators -nekton - actively swimming

Class Oligochaeta

Who? -fewer marine species Primary characteristics -fewer setae Ecological role -live in sediment -base of food chain -aerate sediment

Class Polychaeta

Who? -fire worms, tube worms, leeches Primary characteristics -Setae -Modified head appendages Ecological role -errant and sedentary -predators -prey

Class Chelicerata

Who? -horseshoe crab, pycogonids Primary characteristics -body in two sections -four pairs of walking legs Ecological role -eggs abundant food source -habitat for others -predators

Phylum Arthropoda

Who? -insects, crabs, lobsters, spiders, ticks, mites, shrimp Primary characteristics -exoskeleton -jointed appendages -grow by molting Ecological role -in virtually every niche

Class Hirudinea

Who? -leeches Primary characteristics -reduced segmentation -absence of setae Ecological role -ectoparasites of vertebrates

Phylum Nematoda

Who? -roundworms Primary characteristics -protostomes -round body shape -longitudinal muscles only Ecological role -small <1mm -dense in soft sediment -important in food chain

Class Holothuroidea

Who? -sea cucumbers Primary characteristics -crown tentacles -posterior respiratory tree -autoevisceration -mutable skin Ecological role -deposit feeders -common in deep sea

Class Crinoidea

Who? -sea lilies and feather stars Primary characteristics -cup shaped body -catch zooplankton on tube feet -often stalked Ecological role -filter feeders -deep ocean spindles

Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Urochordata

Who? -sea squirts, tunicates Primary characteristics -notochord -nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -postanal tail -two siphons -tadpole shaped larvae Ecological role -filter feeders -found on hard surfaces -toxic antipredator compounds

Cnidarians are

carnivors, tenticals armed with cnidocytes.

The cuticle of nematodes is made of a. collagen b. chitin c. collagen and chitin d. chitin and protein

a. collagen

Bryzoa and Brachiopoda both have: a. lophophore b. pseudocoelom c. ciliary feeding device d. coelom e. two shell halves

a. lophophore c. ciliary feeding device d. coelom

Cardotoxic

affects rhythm of heart beat

Chordates are typified by a possession of a. notochord b. dorsal hollow nerve cord c. pharyngeal slits d. postanal tail e. all of the above

all of the above

Amoebocyte

allocates nutrients obtained from choanocytes

Porocytes

allow water to get in

Archaeocytes

amoeba like cells that can move and change in a sponge; involved in digestion, production of eggs and sperms, and excretion; can become specialized cells that secrete spicules

suspension feeders

an animal that extracts food particles suspended in the surrounding water

protonephridia

an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings

eurypterids

an extinct carnivorous cheliceriform also called a water scorpion

phototactic

an organism that moves in response to stimulus light -auricles -eye spots

Hirudin

anesthetic and anticoagulating

hermaphrodites

animals that produce sperm and egg in the same body

Hirudin acts as a _______to stop the prey's blood from clotting and as an anesthetic to numb the pain.

anticoagulant

medusa

any of numerous usually marine and free-swimming coelenterates that constitute the sexually reproductive forms of hydrozoans and scyphozoans

maxilipeds

appendages that help a crustacean eat

visceral mass

area beneath the mantle of a mollusk that contains the internal organs

Planarians (reproduction)

asexual sexual hermaphroditic(cross fertilization)

Hydra (reproduction)

asexual & sexual

Hookworm a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti

b. Necator americanus

Asconoid

basic body plan of sponge, central osculum lined with choanocytes, simple linear channel system of porocytes

Incurrent Canals

between radial canals that connect to the surrounding water, with beating of choanocytes water is pulled into these canals and passes through specialized cells called porocytes

type of symmetry for flatworms

bilateral

For Echnioderms, _____ symmetry is present in the larval stage and ______ symmetry is present in the adult stage.

bilateral, radial

Coelom (Certain Protostomes & all Deuterostomes)

body cavity lined by mesoderm

uses for coral

bone graphing

What type of fertilization does the phylum mollusca have? a. internal fertilization b. external fertilization c. both

both internal and external

Hydrozoa

both polyp and medusa forms, often colonial polyp stage.

Class Hydrozoa

both polyp and medusa stage, poly stage colonial, medusa stage called hydromedusa has velum(flap) with tentacles but NO oral arms ex. Hydra, Physalia(man of war), and Obelia

Cubozoans

box-shaped medusa stage; complex eyes; branch of cnidaria

tube feet

branches of water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding and respiration

Protostomes Coelom Forms Deuterostomes Coelom Forms

by splitting of the mesoderm by an outpocketing of primitive gut

Which of the following phyla are the most closely related? a. Rotifera and Bryzoa b. Rotifera and Molluscs c. Bryzoa and Brachiopoda d. Mollusca and Annelida

c. Bryzoa and Brachiopoda

Pinworm a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti

c. Enterobius vermicularis

Echniodermata are a member of which clade? a. protostomia b. radiata c. eumetazoa d. lophotrochozoa e. ecdysozoa

c. eumetazoa

plate like structures and fans created by?

calcareous cups by polyps

What is Echnioderms endoskeleton composed of?

calcareous plates overlaid by a thin akin

Autotomy

can intentionally detach body parts that will later regenerate

statocyst

can tell up from down; organ of balance

Causes elaphantiasis a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti

d. Wuchereria bancrofti

Arthropda's exoskeleton is made of a. collagen b. chitin c. collagen and chitin d. chitin and protein

d. chitin and protein

Arthropod evolution characterized by

decrease in number of segments, increase in appendage specialization. (HOX gene?), open circulatory system, complex organs.

Members in the phylum mollusca have a. indeterminate cleavage b. determinate cleavage

determinate cleavage

Are humans deuterostomes or protosotomes?

deuterostomes

parthenogenesis

development of an egg without fertilization

In Echnioderms, respiration and excretion is carried out by _____

diffusion

Gastrovascular Cavity

digestive cavity and circulatory system in Cnidaria

gastrovascular cavity

digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food

alimentary canal

digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus

Free-living flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms share all of the following traits except

digestive tract with mouth and anus.

alimentary canal

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

Phylum Cnidaria

diploblastic, radial symmetry, TRUE tissues, specialized cells called cnidocytes, gastrovascular cavity, nervous system,centralized chamber

Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

distinct central disk, long flexible arms for movement.

Cl. Oligochaeta

earthworm, few chaeta

bioluminescent (Comb Jelly fish)

emits light

planarians body type

exceedingly flat and thin dorsal: top Ventral: bottom -covered with cilia -have flame cells

Radial Canals

extend outward of central chamber, lined with flagellated choanocytes

Most mollusks have ______ fertilization

external

ocelli

eyespots that detect light

Platyhelminthes are radially symmetric. (T/F)

false; bilaterally symmetric

members in Deuterostomia have an exoskeleton. (T/F)

false; endoskeleton

gastrozooid

feeding polyps -extend beyond covering -have nematocyst-bearing tentacles

mictic egg

if fertilized, these form a thick shell and become dormant; can withstand adverse conditions for several months

why nematodes are important

important organism in studies of genetics, aging and development, know genome and its easy to maintain

What kind of digestive system do Platyhelminthes have?

incomplete digestive system

primary host

ingests meat containing bladder worms

endoderm

inner layer containing the gastrovascular cavity

hexapods

insects - 3 body regions (head:antannae, mandibles - thorax: 3 pairs of walking legs - abdomen: no appendages), most abundant and diverse, herbivores, detrivores, fluid drinkers, predators, scavengers, parasites

Nematode have ______ fertilization

internal

arthropods

invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages

Cnidarians

invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity

echinoderms

invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system

trophi

jaws for grinding

corona

key device when it comes to feeding (wheel brings food into master) and attachment -cilia resembling a rotating wheel

Dermonecrotic

kills the tissue in the skin of a jelly sting: Irukandjii syndrome

Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

lack spines, reduced exoskeleton, five rows of tube feet.

Brachiopods

lamp shells; resemble clams; dorsal and ventral shells

spongocoel

large central cavity of the sponge

What are giant axons?

large nerve cells that facilitate high-speed nerve conduction and rapid responses to stimuli

All annelids except ________ have setae on each segment

leeches

Cl. Hirudinea

leeches, parasitic, suck blood and body fluid(hemolymph), produce anesthetic and anticoagulating HIRUDIN!, reduced cephalization compared to oligochaeta and polychaeta

Is Hemocyanin more or less efficient than hemoglobin of vertebrates?

less

ocelli

light sensitive eyespots

Planarians

light sensitive eyespots, complex nervous sytem, hermaphrodites, reproduce sexually or asexually through fission.

Fasciola hepatica

liver fluke

clonorchis sinensis

liver fluke --extremely successful organisms -one miracidia can result in thousands of cercariae -eating improperly cooked fish -20 to 30 million cases in eastern asia

secondary host

livestock ingests eggs which come out of human poop; becomes bladder worm in muscle of animal

cyclomorphosis

long spines and other body features that can be changed in response to environmental changes: seasonal changes, predators and low food

characterisitics of flatworms

majority are parasitic (2/3 - parasitic, 1/3 free-living) -cephalization -ladder type nervous system -bilateral symmetry

Next Evolutionary Event 2

protostome vs. deuterstome development -protostome --spiral cleavage --blastophore froms mouth -deuterostome --radial cleavage --blastophore forms anus

Members in class Gastropoda are a. protostomes b. deuterostomes

protostomes

larger roundworms

pseudocoelomate

Molluscs (heart)

pumps hemolymph-(fluid) through vessels into hemocoel-(body cavity containing fluid)

type of symmetry for cnidarians

radial

Radiata

radial symmetry, two phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora.

straplike rasping organ that mollusks use to scrape up food

radula

Oligochaetes

reduced head, no parapodia, chaetae present. Complex digestive system, closed circulatory system, segmented, ventral nervous system.

Lophotrochozoans

refers to animals in the taxa who either develop a lophophore or go through the trochophore larva stage

Calciferous glands

regulate blood calcium levels

metamerization

repeated body segments that are separated by septa

gonozooid

reproductive polyps -budding of new polyps: asexual *also has sexual reproductive mechanisms (medusa stage)

Brachiopods

resemble clams, two halves are dorsal and ventral

What kind of nervous system do flatworms have?

retain the nerve net with the beginnings of the more centralized type of nervous system seen throughout much of the rest of the animal kingdom

In Phylum Rotifer, the Latin term rota means ______ and fera means _______.

rota = wheel fera = to bear

Tunicates have a(n) _____ circulatory system

rudimentary

Rhopalia

rudimentary eyes in Cubozoa

Flatworms

sac body with 1 opening no body cavity organ level organization no specialized circulatory or respiratory structures

jellyfish class

scyphozoa

Class Anthozoa

sea anemones and corals, polyp dominant, no medusa, colonial like corals and solitary like sea anemone; Corals lay down calcium carbonate skeleton, each polyp sits in small cup or calyx, polyps connected to eachother by being produced asexually(clones), CaCo3 depends on zooxanthellae

Class Cubozoa

sea wasps, box jelly fish, medusa dominant, box shaped, painful/fatal stings, great swimmers, rudimentary eyes called rhopalia that allow species to actively pursue prey

Deuterostome

second embryonic opening becomes the mouth

Phylum Annelida

segmented worms, segmentation allows for greater specialization of the body, true coelm, completely closed circulatory system, advance nervous system, centralized ganglia, greater cephalization, segment is divided by septa,

auricles

sense organs

Lateral hearts

seris of 5 modififed blood vessels run from the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta ringin the esophagus(red)

Polyp Stage

sessile(immotile) attached to substrate by a pedal disc, body and GVC extends upward to a ring of tentacles that surround mouth; reproduces asexually by budding new polyps ex. anenome

Molluscs (nervous system)

several ganglia connected by nerve cords

Nematodes have _______ reproduction with separate males and females

sexual

Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called

spongocoel and out through osculum

what makes new proglottids

stem cells in the neck form them (new parts of segments of the body)

cnidocytes

stinging cell on a cnidarian's tentacle

Seminal Recepticles

store sperm after mating

Seminal Vesicle

store sperm before mating

Among flatworms that are internal parasites which of the following would be expected?

suckers and piercing mouthparts

crustacea have _______ on the abdomen

swimmerets

Medusa Stage

swimming stage where the tentacles extend down around central mouth and moves by contraction ex. jellyfish

Radial Symmetry

symmetry along central axis, they always face flowing current

water vascular system

system of internal tubes in echinoderms that carries out essential functions such as feeding, respiration, circulation, and movement

In many members of arthropoda , the body segments have become fused into functional units called _______

tagmata

Cl. Cestoda

tapeworm, intestinal parasites, scolex (small head), proglottids(repeating thin flat units), no digestive system, animal will embed scolex into side of intestinal wall and absorb nutrients through the thin body wall of proglottids

Cestoda

tapeworm, phylum platyhelminthes, hook/suckers testis, ovary

scolex

tapeworms attachment device onto intestine

Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes)

terrestrial, jaw like mandibles, many legs.

exoskeleton

the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs

The evolutionary origin of extensive complexity in arthropod body plans is throught to be associeated with which of these morphological changes?

the specialization of diverse body segments.

chelicerates

they have two body segments - cephalothorax and abdomen-, four pairs of walking legs, lack an antennae, and respire using book lungs, where spiracles are used for air to enter into.

Speta

thin sheets of tissue connecting to the body wall and separating each segment

Triploblastic

three tissue layers : endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. this includes more complex animals from flat worms to humans.

Heterotrophic

to take in preformed food

radula

tongue-shaped structure used for feeding by snails and slugs

mesogla (comb jellyfish)

translucent, jelly-like substance, made mostly of water

Trichinella

trichinella spiralis is an inestinal parasite that causes trichinosis, release larvae which creates a encyst in larvae tissue