CH. 33 Invertebrates MDT 2
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Patellogastropoda
Limpets
Bryzoa and Brachiopoda both date back to the: a. Paleozoic era b. Mesozoic era c. a and c d. none of the above
Paleozoic era
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Octopoda
Paper Nautilus
Alimentary canal (complete gut) but no circulatory system. Uses ciliated discs (corona) for feeding
Rotifera
Microscopic pseudocoelomate phylum
Rotifera
Phylum Nematoda
Round worms, complete digestive tract, ONLY longitudinal muscles, NO segmentation, most numerous invertebrates, ex. trichonella
Clitellum
Sac on earthworms that contains sperm
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia
Scallops
moon jelly
Scyphozoa
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia
Sea Hares
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia Order Nudibranchia
Sea Slugs
Nematocysts
Specialized cnidocytes that contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the cell wall of the cnidarian's prey
Cnidocytes (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)
Specialized stinging cells
Why do sponges represent a separate lineage distinct from all other animal phyla?
They lack true tissues.
Crinoidea (sea lillies and feather stars)
Sea lillies attached to substrate by stalk, feather stars crawl
Tube worms, earth worms, and leeches belong to which annelid group?
Sedentaria
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia
Ship Worms
Porifera
Simplest animals that lack true tissue; protostomes; sponges
nematocysts
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
Cnidarians (Jelly Fish)
Tubular animals that mostly live in shallow marine waters Body forms = polyp & medusa
Flatworms divided into 4 classes
Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda
Platyhelmithes Classes
Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda
Diploblastic (Classification Criteria)
Two tissue layers Animals with two tissue layers have the tissue level of organization
Complete metamorphosis
Type of metamorphosis; Larval stages specialized for eating and growth (caterpillar, grub, maggot)
Incomplete metamorphosis
Type of metamorphosis; Young (nymphs) are mini adults with different body proportions and lack wings
Mouth/Anus
Undigested food is eliminated through the
Tunicates are in the subphylum ________
Urochordata
Phylum Brachiopoda
Valves
Molluscs (3 part body plan)
Visceral Mass = internal organs Mantle = may secrete shell and/or develop gills/lungs Foot = muscle adaption for locomotion/food capture
Class Asteroidea
Who? -sea stars Primary characteristics -arms in groups of 5 -carnivores -eversible stomach -walk on tube feet Ecological role -predators -food source
Phylum Echinodermata
Who? -sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea lilies Primary characteristics -penta-radial symmetry -deuterostome -spiny skin -water vascular system -all species are marine
Class Echinoidea
Who? -sea urchins, heart urchins Primary characteristics -interlocking test -aristotle's lantern -spines -pedicillariae Ecological role -grazers -prey
Phylum Annelida
Who? -segmented worms Primary characteristics -segmented body -vermiform -diversity of head appendages
Class Gastropoda
Who? -snails, limpets, whelks Primary characteristics -flattened foot, radula, torsion, cap or coiled shell Ecological role -predators -prey -herbivores on rocky shores
structure of a hydrozoa
a colony of polyps enclosed by a hard, continuos covering
mesohyl
a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge
mesohyl
a gelatinous, protein rich matrix in between the choanocytes and epithelial cells of a sponge -wandering cells that deliver necessary components to parts of cells, spicules are embedded here (support network, many elaborate forms with different materials)
Platyhelminthes posses cephalization, what is this?
a head (anterior) bearing sensory appendages
mantle
a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell
radula
a protrusible tongue-like organ with many teeth
Cerebral ganglia
a ring of neurons that encircles the digestive track, just anterior to pharynx, appears white in fresh disection
Over 1 billion people are infected with this nematode: a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti
a. Ascaris lumbricoides
sea wasp
causes irukandji syndrome -very venomous -enough toxin to kill 10 people
amoebocytes
cells that move using pseudopods and perform different functions in different animals
type of body cavity
celomates
Spongoceal
center of sponge where water passes through
sbuphylum myriapoda class chilopoda
centipedes 1 pair of legs per segment carnivorous
_______ are the only mollusks that have a closed circulatory system
cephalopods
Members in subphylum crustacea have a cuticle that covers the head and extends over _______
cephalothorax
setae
chitinous bristles
corona
ciliated crown, when beating looks like a rotating wheel
siphonoglyph
ciliated groove
animals with true tissues
clade Eumetazoa
hydrozoa
class of cnidarians ex. obelia ex. Portuguese man-of-war -marine and freshwater
flower animals
class: anthozoa
box jelly + class
class: cubozoa -square shaped bell -corner of each bell are tentacles -very poisonous
Cheliceriformes (horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions)
clawlike feeding appendage, marine versions extinct except horseshoe crabs.
cerebral ganglia
clusters of nerve cell bodies that receive input
Polyps
cnidarians, like sea anemones, that do not move as much at all
specialized stinging cells
cnidocytes
colloblasts (comb jellyfish)
coil spiral filaments (like tentacles) found in jellyfish used to capture prey
Ectoprocts
colonial animals that ressemble moss, encased by hard exoskeleton studed with pores from where the lophophore extend
Ectoprocts (byrozoans)
colonial, exoskeleton encases colony, reef builders.
-invasive ctenophora species
comb jellies
Annelids have a _______ digestive system
complete
nematodes have a _______ digestive tract and a mouth with stylets.
complete
Syconoid
complex inner channel with choanocytes located inside the canals NOT the central osculum, have radial and incurrent cannals flagellated chamber ex. Grantia
Leuconoid
complex series of inner channels and often lacks central osculum, most common, chambers off canal, choanocytes localized to specialized chambers called flagellated chambers
Clitellum
conspicous band like structure involved in reproduction
responsible for doing what?
constructing coral reefs by hermatypic corals in a colony type
Visceral mass
contains most of the internal organs of a mollusk
What does the visceral mass contain?
contains the internal organs
Diploid
contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Phylum Cnidaria - Class Anthozoa
corals, anemones, sea whips, sea fans poly dominant -singular or colonial -form modules ecological role -foundation species - reef building -food source -predator
Arthropod body
covered by cuticle, exoskeleton of protein and chitin.
subphylum crustacea
crabs lobsters barnacles and shrimp
Oligochaetes reproduce by
cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites, exchange sperm and separate, clitellum slides off in soil. Some asexual by fragmentation.
how do hookworms work
-penetrate skin and travel through blood stream -go from heart to lung capillaries to alveolar spaces -might have dry throat or cough (pulmonary phase) -once they crawl up they are swallowed to intestine -eggs are then passed out through feces **anchor into mucosa and feed
rotifer body parts
-pseudocoelomate -corona -mastax -trophi -mouth and anus on separate sides
how do they eat
-feed by colloblasts -shoot out tentacles like harpoon structure, sticky head, entangles prey -signigicant predators when it comes to fish -can even eat other jellies
reproductive cycle of jellies
-fertilization (zygote: egg and sperm) -polyp: scyphistoma -asexual budding: strobiliation -medusa: ephyra
hydra
-freshwater cnidarian
cephalization
-go through the world with their heads first -concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body
Tapeworms
-have an anterior region w/ modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host -behind head region, scolex, a long series of proglottids are found that contain a full set of both male and female sex organs -complicated life cycles usually involves several hosts
coral disturbances
-if water warms up too much, pollutants in water, human activity: all can kill corals -corals are already living in too hot of waters, Zooxanthellae dip and bleaching occurs *disease, sedimentation, pollutants and changes in salinity, exposure, predation, physical contact TEMPERATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (ocean acidification): ph level dropping -overexploitation of building grounds, coast development, inland production
where and who are they most prevalent
-in the tropics -children have highest levels of infection
digestive system of planarians
-incomplete -GI tract insufficient **one hole for mouth and anus
severity of hookworms
-intestinal phase is most detrimental -one hookworm might ingest .6 ml/day -100 worms is common: 60 ml/day -1000 worms is half of blood supply
how to reduce infection
-keeping feces out of water, water purification -may be on grass, pigs or cows eat gras, little white nodules: babies will be born in poop: infects muscles on animals -dont eat raw or uncooked meat
hydatid cyst
-letting dogs lick your face; large fluid filled structure packed full of immature parasites, tapeworms that cannot complete development in humans but if it breaks you can die from anaphylactic shock; grow slowly but by year or two can be the size of the an orange -small, 4 mm, 3 body sections -contact is enough to kill -humans are definitive host, accidental host -does not complete full growth in humans -eggs do not hatch out into full organisms, eggs take host in different parts of the human body organs (brain, liver, etc.), largely affect sheep
eutely
-lose ability to go through cell division, cells can grow: new cells cannot heal or regenerate new body parts -(species specific number of cells, once reached no more cells grow) -not all cells retain genetic complements: only reproductive cells retain genetic complement: other cells lose genetic material and become very specialized cells **CANT GROW BACK
jellyfish body form
-medua is dominant body form, but have two body forms in their lifetime: dimorphism -polyp to medusa
pinworm
-most common nematode parasite in the world -infected dust -spreads through school populations because of poor hygiene -worms crawl out of anus making it itchy -everyone in household effected
leuconoid
-most complex, largest -large colonial masses -flagellated chambers -most sponges are these -water flows in through chambers and through small channels: no middle space
medusa
-mouth pointed downward direction ex. exumbrella shape, nerves and muscles
rotifers characteristics
-named for crown of cilia resembling a rotating wheel (corona) -same size as paramecium but 900 cells packed in -aquatic organisms: freshwater 95%marine 5% -free living NO PARASITES
optimum conditions for coral
-need to be shallow and sunny waters, nutrient poor water, rely on photosynthetic food from Zooxanthellae
systems present in planarians
-nervous system -brain present -reproductive system -incomplete digestive system
type of cellular organization of sponges
-no true tissues, no true systems -cells with specialized functions, working cooperatively *Parazoa
what affects infection
-number of worms, type of worms and nutrition effect morbidity -children and pregnant women are the worst
Phylum Cnidaria - Nematocytes
-one of the fastest motions in the animal kingdom -osmotic pressure -role of nitrous oxide?
muscle layers of planarians
-outer circular layer -inner longitudinal layer -diagonal layer
scyphistoma
Cnidaria; Scyphozoa; Name of the polyp in the Aurelia life cycle.
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia
Cockles
ganglia
Collections of nerve cell bodies
Phylum Ctenophora
Comb jellies, all marine, 2 retractable tentacles armed with sticky colloblasts.
Animals with bilateral symmetry and triploblastic tissues make up (3)
Deuterostomes,lophotrochozoa,ecdysozoa
Lophophorates include two phyla
Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda, characterized by horseshoe-shape supension feeding organ.
Elephantiasis
Elephantiasis: blood lymphatic flow major effect on legs -nothing can be done to remove fluid, hardened -fastest spreading diseases world wide because they are transmitted by mosquitos -1 billion world wide
free-ranging worms are called
Errantia
Fish Flukes
Monogenea
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata
Mud Snails
Animals with true tissues, all except sponges (porifera)
Eumetazoans
Subphylum Trilobita
Extinct arthropods, bottom feeders, little specialization of body segments
Phylum Echonodermata have cephalization. (T/F)
False
Brachiopods are important reef-builders. (T/F)
False; Bryozoans
The alimentary canal allows rotifers to feed discontinuously (T/F)
False; continuously
Annelids have a single transport system. (T/F)
False; double
Phylum Echonodermata have bilateral symmetry . (T/F)
False; modified radial symmetry
Platyhelminthes are hermaphrodites that self fertilize. (T/F)
False; most are hermaphrodites but do not self fertilize
All mollusks have a radula. (T/F)
False; most have radula, those who don't have filter feeding
Platyhelminthes are bottom dwellers. (T/F)
False; they must be close to the surface because they respire by diffusion
Nematode that causes elephantiasis
Filariasis
Choanocytes
Flagellated cells that line the spongocoel
parapodia
Fleshy footlike appendages
spongin
Flexible material that make up the skeleton of some sponges **sponges form of collagen
Nematocyst (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)
Fluid-filled capsule
Class Turbellaria
Free living, aquatic, muscular pharynx(suck in food), ex. planaria
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata
Garden Slugs
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Pulmonata
Garden Snails
Many contain spiraled shells; exhibit torsion [mollusks]
Gastropoda
Three major classes of Phylum Molusca
Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Eulamellibranchia
Giant Clams
parazoa
Group of animals with no true tissues ex. sponges
decapods
Group of crustaceans that includes crabs and lobsters. The cuticle is reinforced, forming a dorsal shield called the carapce.
Rod of Asclepius may be based on this nematode
Guinea worm
spicules
Hard fibers that make up the sponge's body and support it -Spongin -Silicon -CaCO3
Planarians (3 kinds of muscle layers)
Outer circular layer Inner longitudinal layer Diagonal layer
Two Layered Body Sac (Cnidarians Jelly Fish)
Outer layer = protective epidermis Inner layer = gastrovascular cavity
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia
Oysters
torsion
In gastropods, a developmental process in which the visceral mass rotates up to 180°, causing the animal's anus and mantle cavity to be positioned above its head.
strobiliation
In most scyphozoans, a scyphistoma produces immature medusae (ephyrae) by asexual fission at its oral end
Four types of Crustacea
Isopods and Decapods, Copepods, Barnacles (hardened cuticle)
Phylum Cnidaria - body plans
Jellyfish - medusa dominant Corals - poly dominant
ephyra
Juvenile jellyfish
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda
Key Hole Limpets
hydrostatic skeleton
Layers of circular and longitudinal muscles that, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable movement
Planula Larvae
fertilized sperm and egg medusae that settles to the bottom and develops into benthic, sessile polyp
gills
filamentous organs that are specialized for gas exchange
Protostome
first embryonic opening becomes the mouth
ecological importance of rotifers
fish food
sessile (sponges)
fixed in one place; immobile
Choanocytes
flagellated cells lining a series of chambers, they beat flagella to move water through sponge body and collect particles through the collar
Phylum Playthelmithes
flat worms, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development, acoelomate(no body cavity), closed digetive system
Lophotrochozoans
flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids
nematocyst
fluid filled capsule
parasitic flatworms
flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes)
Trematoda
flukes, parasitic
3 body parts of mollusks:
foot,visceral mass,mantle
pedal laceration
form of asexual reproduction; can leave pedal disk behind to grow into new animal
where do roundworms live
found in thin film of water because they can dry out
turbellarians
free-living flatworms -whirl pool
Turbellaria
free-living, planaria
Planarians (free-living flatworms)
fresh water arrow shaped head auricles function as sense organs two light sensitive eye spots ladder-type nervous system have undergone cephalization excretory-organ functions in a osmotic regulation and water excretion way
Class Hirudinea
fresh water, feed on other invertebrates, secretes hirudin and anesthetics into wound.
The pharynx opens to a _________ ______, where food is digested
gastrovascular cavity
collar
grabs food particles from water
Gizzard
grinds food
cuticle
hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles
triploblastic
has three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
dimorphism
having two body forms in their lifetime
The clam, snail and octopus are all molluscs. The muscular foot of a snail is homologous to which of these?
head of the octopus
Gastropoda (snails, slugs)
head, symmetrical, undergo torsion, anus and mantle cavity above head, radula
Zooxanthellae
helps coral with CaCo3
The blood of cephalopods contains the copper rich protein ________ for transporting oxygen
hemocyanin
The blood of annelids contains the respiratory pigment: a. hemocyanin b. hemoglobin c. haemerythrin d. chlorocruorin
hemoglobin
The salivary secretion of leeches is called
hirudin
Tentacles
how Cnidarian capture prey containing nematocysts
Shistosoma mansoni
human blood fluke that causes disease shistosomiasis
Which part of the mollusk secretes a shell?
mantle
The ______ _______ houses delicate gills
mantle cavity
Crustacea (crabs, shrimp...)
marine and freshwater, branched appendages.
Class Polychaeta
marine, benthic, carnivores/scavengers/planktivores, parapodia, rich blood vessels.
Turbellaria (planarians)
marine, freshwater, terrestrial, predators and scavengers, body surface ciliated, lack coelom, gastrovascular cavity (one opening)
what treats jelly stings
meat tenderizer
body forms of cnidarians
medusa and polyp
Sponges consits of a noncellular layer between two cell layers called
mesohyl, either spicules of silica or flexible fibers called spongin
sbuphylum myriapoda class diplopoda
millipedes 2 pairs of legs per segment herbivorous
copepods
minute shrimp-like crustaceans; often they are the most common zooplankton in estuarine waters
symbiotic relationship with corals
modified dinoflagelletes called Zooxanthellae
Do mollusks have a open or closed circulatory system?
most have an open circulatory system
subphylum heapoda
most species of insects wings 35 orders separate sexes, internal fertilization metamorphosis
Hexapoda (insect)
most species, complex organ systems, exoskeleton led to success. Flight another success, sexual reproduction, 30 orders.
mandibles
mouthparts of arthropods
Flagella
moves water
Animals
multicellular heterotrophic diploid monophyletic
Asteroidea (sea stars)
multiple arms radiating central disk, tube feet, regrow lost arms.
All of the following were important contributions to the large adaptive diversity of insects except?
multiple origins of wings in different insect groups.
Mollusk body plan
muscular foot, mantle which secretes shell water filled chamber with organs. Some have heads.
Most flatworms have a _______ ________ that may be extended through the mouth
muscular pharynx
Pharynx
muscular structure located behind mouth
hookworm
nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
nematode worm; -exceedingly small, homogenous, know fate of each cell and life cycle
Do Echinoderms have cephalization?
no
Do Echnioderms have a brain?
no
Echinoidea (sea urchins)
no arms, five rows of tube feet.
Asymmetry (Classification Criteria)
no particular body shape e.g. sponge
Arthropods have compound eyes called _______
ommatidia
How many openings does an Incomplete digestion system have?
one opening that serves as a mouth and anus
Digestive tract evolves from ____ opening to ____
one,two
Concentricycloidea (Sea daisies)
only three species known.
Arthropods have a(n) _________ circulatory system
open
role of the excretory organ in planarians
osmotic regulation and water excretion
ectoderm
outer layer containing the protective epidermis
chelicerae
pair of mouthparts in chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey
Neurotoxic
paralyze nervous system
Cl.Polychaeta
parapodia extending off each segment
Cl. Trematoda
parasistic, flukes, two distinct suckers (one at the anterior end and one a quarter down the body) ex. Fasciola hepatica(liver fluke) and Shistosoma mansoni-human blood fluke that causes shistosomiasis
Trematoda (flukes)
parasites, most on vertebrates, 2 suckers ATTACH to host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.
Cestoda (tapeworms)
parasitic, segmented, suckers hooks on scolex, absorb food particles from host.
muscular foot
part of a mollusks head-foot whose function is locomotion
planktonic rotifer life cycle
parthenogenesis or sexual reproduction
What is ecdysis?
periodic molting of the exoskeleton
Planaria Slide
pharynx, intestine, ocelli
mastax
pharynx: throat region
one of the oldest groups in eumetazoa
phylum Cnidaria, jellies, corals and hydras. Simple diploblastic radial body.
roundworms
phylum nematoda
Proglottid
phylum platyhelminthes, cl. cestoda, ovary and testis
Fasciola hepatica
phylum platyhelminthes, class trematoda, ventral sucker, oral sucker, intestine, ovary, testis
rotifers naming
phylum rotifera
comb jellies
phylum: ctenophora
flatworms
phylum: platyhelminthes
Cephalopoda (squid, octopus, cuddlefish)
predators, mantle covers visceral mass, missing or greatly reduced shell, closed circulatory system, complex brain and well-developed sense organs.
Platyhelminthes are among the first animals to have a ______ lifestyle
predatory
molting
process in which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place
Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
sexual reproduction, major players in decomposition and nutrient recycling. Some parasitic, plant roots and humans (raw pork).
Echnioderms reproduce ______ with separate sexes and _____ fertilization
sexually, external
Bivalvia (clams, oysters, scallops)
shell with two halves, reduced head, no radula. Suspension feeders, trapping particles in mucus coating gills.
Echnioderms have a _____ nervous system
simple
Tunicates have a ______ nervous system
simple
Tunicates are filter feeders with 2 _______
siphons
Echinoderms (sea-stars)
slow moving, thin epidermis, water vascular system, tube feet, sexual internal reproduction.
nematocysts
small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
Nautiluses
small group of shelled cephalopod.
Phylum Rotifera
small in size, aquatic, numerous complex organ systems, first group to exhibit an alimentary canal(one way digestive system) that allows for specialization of cells along this digestive tract
Phylum Mollusca
snails, slugs, oysters, octopuses and squids, some shelled some reduced or missing shell.
gemmules
some cells will be incased in a capsule to get them through hard times including harsh conditions, form of asexual reproduction
What kind of nervous system do annelids have? a. simple b. sophisticated c. none of the above
sophisticated
Arthropods have a _______ brain that consits of _____ _____ connected to several smaller ventral ______
sophisticated, cerebral ganglia, ganglia
choanocytes
specialized cell in sponges that uses a flagellum to move a steady current of water through the sponge
Cnidocytes
specialized cells in cnidaria
Nematocysts
specialized organelles able to sting by injecting venom
Gonozoids
specialized polyps that produce medusa, medusae released from theses polyps are motile and ultimately produces eggs or sperm by meiosis
Subphylum Chelicerata
spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites two tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pairs of walking legs plus pedipalps and chelicerae
What is Echnioderms endoskeleton covered with?
spines and pedicellariae
In a tracheal system, oxygen gas enters ___ and diffuses to individual cells
spiracles
Members in class Polyplacophora have a. radial cleavage b. spiral cleavage
spiral cleavage
basal animals that lack true tissues and organs
sponges, phylum Porifera
Rotifer
trochal disk(cilia) to capture food, pharynx with mastix(grinding apparatis), toes and pedal glands(attach) that secrete an adhesive
Mollusks have ______ larva
trochophore
Leeches have powerful suckers at both ends of the body (T/F)
true
Tunicates are mostly hermaphroditic. (T/F)
true
celomates
true body cavity room for organ development
What is the function of tube feet in Echnioderms?
tube feet function in movement, gas exchange, and feeding
Hydra (Freshwater cnidarian)
tubular poly body 1 quarter inch long gastrovascular cavity is central cavity tentacles can respond to stimuli
Diploblastic
two embryonic germ layers
Radial Symmetry (Classification Criteria)
two identical halves e.g. jellyfish
How many openings are in a complete digestion
two openings for mouth and anus
Which invertebrate phylum is most closely related to the vertebrates? a. cephalopoda b. cephalochordata c. urochordata d. radiata e. both b and c are equally related to the vertebrates
urochordata
Muscular foot
used for movement in mollusks
The mollusk body plan consists of 3 basic parts:
visceral mass mantle foot
Crustacea have _____ legs on the cephalothorax
walking legs
Spicules
walls of sponge that are supportive structures; composition vary by species that could be CaCO3 or SiO2 or Spongin Protein
optimal conditions for jellies
warmer the water, the better environment for cnidarians, feed on larval fish (bad for fish stocks)
Process of water flow on a sponge
water flow, through the ostia to a central chamber called a spongacele out of the osculum
the staff of asclepius
world health symbol, nematode around stick
Earthworm
ID mouth, anus, setae
largest parasitic disease
malaria
Crustacea mouth parts
mandibles, maxillae and maxillipeds
Incomplete gut usually surrounded by tentacles; uses gastrovascular cavity
Cnidaria
Stinging nettles (cnidocyte) containing nematocyst
Cnidaria
Two body types: polyp and medusa
Cnidaria
types of systems present
-ecretory, nervous, muscular system
jellyfish and medusa type organisms phylum
Cnidaria
Phylum Annelida
"little rings" segmented bodies, bilateral, coelomate and protostomes.
Phylum Porifera
"pore bearer" first multicell animals, do NOT form true tissues, body of sponge is a collection of flagellated cells (choanocytes), filter feed on cellular level; sponge has outer layer of epidermal cells with interspersed porocytes that allow water to pass through the epidermal layer into central spongoceal that is lined with chonanocytes that pull water through the porocytes into the spongocoel and out a center exit called osculum
Class Schyphozoa
"true" jellyfish, medusa called schyphomedusa is dominant stage with NO velum but HAVE oral arms ex. Aurelia
velocity of water flow
*inversely proportionate to the cross-sectional surface area ( V = 1/A) -surface area goes up, slower the water flows -more time sponge has to eat when the water is slow, results in bigger and more complex sponges ex. barrel sponge
means of movement
*largest animals that propel themselves by means of cilia only
worst infections (3)
-1. malaria 2. Schistosomiasis 3. hookworm
Sponge Reproduction
-Asexual reproduction by fragmenting or budding -Sexual reproduction produces a flagellated larva that may swim to a new location
marine natural products
-Concerns disciplines of Organic chemistry, Bioorganic chemistry, Pharmacology, Biology and Ecology -12,000+ compounds isolated from marine sources -Secondary metabolites
Comb Jelly fish (Ctenophora)
-Diploblastic -radially symmetrical -free swimming marine invertebrates -small, transparent, and sometimes bioluminescent -body composed of mesoglea -largest animals propelled by beating of cilia -capture prey with colloblasts
schistosomiasis
-Goal is to not to kill the host -21 different species, -20 alone affect africa -77 countries affected -2nd most influential disease -Results in life-long morbidity, infected over and over again -Affects people who rely on water for daily life activities -Reside in blood in intestine or bladder (species in middle-east) -Schistosome cercariae can penetrate skin, can detect chemicals of skin -Snail control and water control very important -Snail fever is another name -Extremely extended abdomen show signs of blood build up
do epithelial cells run longitudinally or horizontally
-epithelial cells run longitudinally which moves the tentacles
cestodes (tapeworms)
-Have anterior region with modifications for attachment to intestinal wall of host (scolex) -Body - Long series of proglottids -Each segment contains a full set of male and female sex organs -Self-fertilize -Complicated life cycles
hookworm characteristics
-Infects 1 billion people worldwide -1/5 world's population -bilateral symmetrical in body
planarians characteristics
-Live in freshwater habitats -Head is bluntly arrow shaped -Auricles = sense organs -Two light-sensitive eye spots -Three kinds of muscle layers: Outer circular layer Inner longitudinal layer Diagonal layer -Excretory organ functions in osmotic regulation and water excretion -Asexual/Hermaphroditic
roundworms characteristics
-Non-segmented, generally colorless worms -important in cycling material and nutrients -found in every environment -feed on bacteria and fungi: keep them under control -tremendous research value -deepest organisms ever identified -parasitic nematodes: 50% and free-living 50% -huge importance agriculturally
Portuguese Man-of-War
-Polyp and medusa are attached, floats with CO2 in medusa
structure of anthozoa
-Polyp; NO MEDUSA -Large gastrovascular cavity with septa -Ciliated groove - siphonoglyph -Circular and longitudinal muscles -Attachment by pedal disk -Pedal laceration -Potent nematocysts/Acontia -Coral reefs - Hermatypic corals -Calcareous cups secreted by polyps Zooxanthellae
trematodes (flukes)
-Reproductive system well developed -Usually hermaphroditic -Complex life cycle -leaf like body -*endoparasites
examples of anthozoa
-Sea anemones, hard corals, sea fans
Irukandji syndrome
-The symptoms and effects of a sting by a Carukia. Minor pain when stung, 5-60 minute delay to onset of symptoms, intense pain, shaking, vomiting, swelling, rapid heartbeat, 90% require morphine, symptoms last for weeks ** Dermonecrotic
nematodes
-Ubiquitous, Abundant, and Habitat- or Host-Specific -more nematodes on planet than anything else -found in every environment and ecological niche -even in polar ice caps
Tracheids(outside of vessel elements) Vessel elements
-What are elongated cells in the Xylem that serve to transport water and mineral salts? -what conducts water upwards in a plant, building blocks of vessles, goes from roots to leaves?
Sieve tube cells (big) Companion cells(little)
-What elongated cell in the phloem of flowering plants transports carbohydrates and sucrose. Lacks a nucleus, ribosomes and vacuole. -What connects to the previous cells by channels (plasmodesmata) in the cell wall? Have a nucleus and ribosomes.
Fibers Sclereids
-What has elongated, tapered cells, a thick secondary wall, forked ends, most are dead upon maturity, some are gelationous. -What is typically idioblasts, lignified secondary walls, pitting and plasmodesmata present. Found in fruits, stems, leaves and seed coats. Not found in roots. Provides support.
Meristem Apical Meristem Lateral meristem
-What is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentated cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place? -The growing tip of the plant is called? -What surrounds the plant and causes it to grow latterally?
Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem 1&2 are found together in vascular bundles
-What tissue serves as a transport system in a plant? -What tissue transports water and soluable minerals upwards. Helps support the plant and living perenchyma cells. Dead. -What transports sugars from one part of the plant to another?
coral triangle
-above australia has the most coral -Indo-Pacific biodiversity of many group is greatest in a center of diversity in the area of Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia.
characteristics of ctenophora
-all marine -8 comb rows = ctenes; covered by long cilia -2 long tentacles; Colloblasts -Fragile, transparent body -NO NEMATOCYSTS -Apical sense organ -Voracious appetite -Bioluminescence -radial symmetry
complex life cycle
-allows them to exploit multiple hosts
Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis
-animals are descendants from an ancestor resembling a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. -individual cells within the colony become specialized -two tissue layers could have arisen by infolding of certain cells into a hollow sphere -this hypothesis implies that radial symmetry preceded bilateral symmetry
reproductive system
-asexual: hermaphroditic *penis fighting
ocean acidification
-becoming less basic because we are pumping CO2 into the atmosphere which in term ends up in the ocean as carbonic acid (same process in bodies) -chemicals dissociate to H+ and carbonate ions
Lophotrochozoa
-bilateral symmetry -embryos have three germ layers -protostome pattern of development -adults have the organ level of organization -some have a true coelom -divided into two groups -Lophophores (brachiopod) - Trocophores (flat worms, mollusks)
how is coral growth affected
-coral skeleton: aragonite: CaCo3: fibrous crystals: leads to altered reformation and disruptive coral growth -30% decline in ability to lay down reefs when CO2 increases by 2 fold
cryptobiosis
-death like state which rotifer can remove all body water and have no metabolism -when conditions improve they can do it again -other organisms can do this too including sea monkeys
flame cells
-early kidney -have cilia that flickers like a flame -balances water in body and excretes fluids
reproductive system of tapeworms
-regularly self-fertilize: one proglottid can fertilize another proglottid
only important systems
-reproductive system -attachment device *no digestive system (GI tract), rudimentary nervous system
polyps
-sedentary -one entrance to body cavity -mouth pointed upwards
rhopalium
-sense organs -includes statocyst + ocelli - located between bell and tentacles
cuticle
-shed cuticle four times in life: hormone -resistant to enzymes and acids -forms outer boundary of organism -arthropods and nematodes have similar molting processes
Sponges
-simplest multicellular organism -lack true tissues and have only a cellular level of organization -saclike bodies perforated with many pores -beating of flagella produces water currents which flow through pores into central cavity and out osculum -sessile filter feeders
asconoid
-small, tube-shaped flagellated spongocoel -simpliest ex. bath sponge
Rotifers
-smallest microscopic animal, more complex then tapeworm -named for crown of cilia(corona) resembling a spinning wheel -corona serves as both an organ of locomotion and directs food to the mouth
how can you get hookworms
-soil transmitted -can get hookworms walking through the grass
how does sperm move in nematodes
-sperm in nematodes and arthropods has to crawl, cells are amoeboid
importance of ctenophora
-successful under climate changes, especially warmth
level of organization
-tissue level -diploblastic
planarians locomotion
-transverse fibers give more efficient locomotion -muscle layers give more complex moving motions -duo glands produce mucus that allows it to move
level of organization
-triploblastic -organ and system level -no specialized circulatory or respiratory structures
Phylum Cnidaria - Class Scyphozoa
-true jellyfish -medusa dominant --life cycle has very small poly stage -ecological role --predators --typically members of the plankton
syconoid
-tubular body flagellated canals -body of sponge is being divided into smaller chambers (fingers), water comes in through these canals to these 'fingers' ex. glass sponge: made of silicon
guinea worm
-very long with good reproductive output: *lymphatic systems -hatch eggs at surface is order to get them in water -drink contaminated water is how people get infected -fire serpent: if worm breaks toxic chemicals are released -to get rid need to twirl on stick -world health organization want to completely eradicate guinea worm by end of 2015 (majority in sudan)
methods for locomotion
-watching a nematode wiggle, thrash: is way to identify: longitudinal muscles -muscle fibers go out to contact the nerve fibers (abnormal) -no ciliated cells or flagellated cell: similar to arthropods
Parasitic Flatworms (Flukes, and Tape worms)
-well developed nerves and gastrovascular cavity are unnecessary -absence of cephalization (considered an evolutionary trend, whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs.)
Flukes
-well developed reproductive system -usually hermaphroditic
rotifer systems
-well developed reproductively system -complete digestive system with intra and extracellular digestion -salivary and gastric gland put enzymes on food before they reach stomach -ecretory system based on osmoregulation: flame cells
sexual reproduction
-when conditions are harsh mitctic eggs may be produced: swimming testes producing sperm: doesn't feed, doesn't have a mouth or GI tract, happening by mitosis: haploid sperm fertilizes haploid egg -fertilizes egg producing a diploid resting egg, called winter egg and responds changing environment that turns into female *stress cycle
what percent of oceans waters is coral reef
0.17%
About ___ % of cattle are infected by beef tapeworms
1%
List the 3 clades of bilateral animals
1. Lophotrochozoa (protostome) 2. Ecdysozoa (protostome) 3. Deuterostomia
What are two functions of the corona?
1. The corona creates water currents that propel the animal through water 2. It wafts small planktonic organisms or decomposing organic material to the mouth
reproductive cycle of flukes
1. larvae penetrate skin and mature in liver 2. adult worms live in blood vessels of human gut 3. eggs migrate to digestive tract and passed in feces 4. ciliated larva (miracidia) hatch in water and enter snail 5. in snail mother sporocyst encases daughter larvae (cercariae) 6. larvae (cercariae) break out of daughter sporocysts and enter water
List the 4 key innovations of Phylum Chordata
1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. postanal tail
what do corals provide
1000's spp. Fish 100,000 spp. Inverts 1/10 world's total fish harvest Billions of $$ tourist trade/yr. 500 million people depend of reefs
Cnidaria
10000+ species, sac w/ central digestive compartment, gastrovascular cavity. (medusa and polyp)
Crustacea have ____ pairs of antennae
2
Phylum Arthropods
2/3 animals, all habitats, segmented body, jointed appendages, Cambrian explosion.
Incomplete metamorphosis. How many stages? Do the young look similar to adults?
3 stages young resemble miniature adults
complete metamorphosis
4 stages adult and larval stages are very different
The body of most Echinoderms can be divided into ____ parts
5
Invertebrates account for what percent of animals
95%
pseudocoelomate
A body cavity with mesoderm on only one side
Sessile
An organism that does not move. It remains attached to one place. -sponges stuck to hard surfaces
open circulatory system
A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
amictic egg
A diploid egg that cannot be fertilized
What is a mantle?
A fold of skin draped over the visceral mass
Mantle
A fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell on a mollusk
planarians
A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.
Mesophyl
A gelatinous matrix that separates the 2 layers of cells in the wall of a sponge
osculum
A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled
mesoglea
A layer of connective tissue between the endo and ectoderm
proglottids
A long ribbon of identical segments that are found behind the scolex in cstodes. These are segments of sex organs that develop thousands of eggs.
arachnids
A member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. All members have eight pairs of walking legs.
isopods
A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.
myriapods
A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two pairs of legs per segment. millipedes and centipedes comprise the two classes of living myriapods.
mantle cavity
A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusk
In ______ circulatory systems, fluid does not leave
Closed
Cnidaria includes groups with a variety of body forms, but all share which common feature?
All have a gastrovascular cavity and tentacles.
Cubozoa
All marine, box shaped complex eyes, potent venom
Anthozoa
All marine, medusa stage gone, sessile many colonial
Scyphozoa (true jellies)
All marine, polyp stage reduced or gone.
Hydrozoans
Alternate between polyp and medusa stage; branch of cnidaria
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Ammonoidea
Ammonites
Cnidarians
An ancient phylum of eumetazoans; hydrostatic skeleton; protostomes; diploblastic; radial symmetry; no brain, but have a nerve net; jelly fish
pseudocoelomate
An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
diploblastic
An organism whose body is made of only two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm; the two are connected by a noncellular layer called the mesoglea; animal phyla that are this are the Porifera (sponges) and the Cnidaria (jellyfish and hydra)
invertebrates
Animals without backbones
Segmented worms
Annelida
Uses parapodia to move
Annelida
crustaceans
Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs.
sponge-derived bioactive compounds
Ara-A Ara-C Manoalide IPL512602 KRN 7000, LAF389, Discodermolide. HT1286 on market: anticancer phospholipase inhibitor antiviral clinical trials: -anti-inflammatory -anticancer
3/4 of all living species are in this phylum
Arthropoda
Evolved from segmented worms
Arthropoda
Jointed feet, bilateral symmetry, segmented body, hard exoskeleton made of chitin
Arthropoda
Represent > 85% of animal species
Arthropoda
______ represent 85% of animal species
Arthropods
parthenogenesis
Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. -not all do this but some do -eggs develop into adults without being fertilized -not specific to rotifers -some species that only have females.. No males present... only clones -grow population very quickly in favorable conditions -diploid eggs are called amictic eggs and produce only females *usual cycle
Six classes of Phylum Echinoderms
Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echionoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, Concentricycloidea
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Belemnoidea
Belemnites
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Bilateral, complex organs, true muscle tissues. Many parasitic species (flukes, tapeworms)
Clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops; hinged shell [mollusks]
Bivalvia
Coelom
Body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
maxillae
Bones that form upper jaw
________ are bottom dwelling organisms with two shell halves.
Brachiopods
Oligochaeta
Branch of Annelida; key feature = chaetae (bristles made of chitin); ex. Christmas tree worm
Polychaeta
Branch of Annelida; sparse chaetae (bristles made of chitin); ex. earthworms
Hirudinea
Branch of Annelida; suck blood; secrete hirudin; ex. leeches
Insecta
Branch of Arthropoda; have 6 legs and 3 body regions; respiratory organs consist of tracheal tubes; ex. grasshoppers
Arachnids
Branch of Arthropoda; have 8 legs; respiratory organs consist of book lungs; ex. spiders
Crustaceans
Branch of Arthropoda; have many pairs of appendages (more than 8); respiratory organs consist of thin areas of cuticle or gills; glands regulate salt balance; 2 or 3 body segments; ex. crabs
Polyplacophora
Branch of Mollusca; 8-plate shell, but not segmented; ex. chiton
Cephalopoda
Branch of Mollusca; closed circulatory system; ex. squid
Bivalvia
Branch of Mollusca; shell divided into 2 halves; suspension feed (no radula); ex. clams
Gastropoda
Branch of Mollusca; torsion; ex. snail
Trematoda
Branch of Platyhelminthes; Alternating sexual and asexual stages; require intermediate host (parasitic); ex. blood fluke
Turbellaria
Branch of Platyhelminthes; mostly aquatic and free-living (not dependent on host); no cuticle; pretty sea flatworms = example
Cestoda
Branch of Platyhelminthes; parasitic; both male and female sex organs are present in one organism; absorbs nutrients through skin; use flame cells for excretion; tapeworms
Chaetae
Bristles made of chitin; aka cillia
These animals look like plants, their Latin roots mean "moss animal"
Bryozoans
________ can be found encrusted on rocks in shallow aquatic environments
Bryozoans
secretes and lives inside zoecium
Bryozoans
Corals, jellyfish, hydras
Cnidaria
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda
Catseye
Cleavage (Protostomes/Deuterostromes)
Cell division without growth
Amoebocytes
Cells that transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge body, produce materials for skeletal fibers (spicules), or become any type of sponge cell as needed
lancelets are in the subphylum ________
Cephalochordata
Squids and octopi; little to no shell; active hunters [mollusks]
Cephalopoda
Diploblastic phyla with radial symmetry
Cnidaria
Tapeworms
Cestoda
Which class of platyhelminthes have two separate host species in their life cycle?
Cestoda (tapeworms)
Horshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks
Cheliceriformes
Four subphylums of Arthropoda
Cheliceriformes, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Crustacae
Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora Family Chitonidae
Chitons
flagellated collar cells, generate water current through the sponge
Choanocytes
Crabs, shrimps, barnacles, lobsters
Crustacea
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Sepioidea Suborder Sepiida
Cuttlefish
Bilateral Symmetry (Classification Criteria)
Definite right and left half e.g. butterfly Animals tend to be active and to move forward at an anterior end
hermatypic corals
Describing coral species possessing symbiotic zooxanthellae within their tissues and capable of secreting calcium carbonate at a rate suitable for reef production.
gastrovascular cavity
Digestive chamber with a single opening; digests foods and moves nutrition to all parts of the body -cniarians release enzymes inside gastrovascular cavity in order to digest food -sponges (poriferas) participate in extracellular digestion (phagocytosis)
2 Forms of Embryonic Development (Classification Criteria)
Diploblastic Triploblastic
Hermaphrodites
Each individual is both male and female (looking for the plural); most sponges are this
Nematods and Arthropods are in the Phylum a. Annelids b. Ecdysozoa c. Deuterostomia d. Platyhelminthes
Ecdysozoa
Closely related to chordates with a water vascular system
Echinodermata
Only animal in bilateral lineage exhibiting radial symmetry as adults; however, larvae are bilateral
Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea lillies, and sea cucumbers all belong to Phylum ________
Echinodermata
Starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea feathers
Echinodermata
Cephalochordates are more closely related to _______
Echinoderms
Diploblastic
Has epidermis and gastrodermis (2 cell layers)
Planaria
Have ganglia (dense clusters of nerve cells), eye spots, and a mouth; non-parasitic; type of flatworm; can regenerate head and tail; two-way digestion (food and waste travel through mouth)
Heart worm
Heart worm -cats,ferrets, wolves,foxes -right atrium more affected than left: blood vessels -leads to heard failure
Insects
Hexapods
Ascaris lumbricoides
Human intestinal roundworm -very durable -can live in soil for a very long time
Phylum Cnidaria divided into four major groups
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa
complete metamorphosis
Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult
incomplete metamorphosis
Insect development consisting of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult
5% of animal species are
Invertebrate
Animals that aren't chordates and lack a backbone are known as
Invertebrates
Monophyletic
Invertebrates and Vertebrates can trace their ancestry to the same ancestor
acontia
Located at the base of an anemones (Anthozoa) gastrovascular cavity, these help kill ingested prey *f
clade Bilateria contains three clades and are triploblastic
Lophotrochozoans, ecdysozoa, deuterostoma
bleaching
Loss of Zooxanthellae Death of coral
Monogenea
Marine and freshwater parasites, infect external surface of fish, ciliated larva starts infection on host, alternating sexual and asexual statges.
Platyhelminthes
Means "flatworm"; triploblastic; acoelomate; protostomes; type of phylum
Body type of cnideria that is normally mobile
Medusa
Scyphozoans
Medusa is the prominent stage; most are jellyfish; branch of cnidaria
ammonites
Mollusc organisms like snails, clams, brachiopods, octopus, and squid.
Bivalvia belong in which phylum? a. Rotifera b. Mollusca c. Brachiopoda d. Bryozoa
Mollusca
Cephalopoda belong in which phylum? a. Rotifera b. Annelida c. Bryzoa d. Mollusca
Mollusca
Clams, squids, snails
Mollusca
Complete cephalization and nervous system; many species secrete calcium carbonate shells from mantle
Mollusca
Gastropoda belong in which phylum? a. Ecdysozoa b. Mollusca c. Bryzoa d. Annelida
Mollusca
The only bilaterally symmetric phyla with both closed and open circulatory systems
Mollusca
This phylum contains snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses, and squids
Mollusca
Uses a radula to feed
Mollusca
Phylum Bryozoa
Moss Animals
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Metabranchia Superorder Filibranchia
Mussels
Millepedes and centipedes
Myriapoda
subphylum crustacea have a ______ ________ very different from adult
Nauplius larva
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Nautiloida
Nautilus
specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging head.
Nematocysts
Most abundant animal on Earth
Nematoda
Non-segmented worms with a complete gut
Nematoda
Ubiquitous, can be free living or parasitic; longitudinal muscle cord
Nematoda
Phylum Porifera
No tissues No symmetry Primary characteristics -Choanocytes -Organic skeleton made of spongin and silica -Sessile filter feeders Ecological role -Habitat, food -Predator -Competitor
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Octopoda
Octopus
Two main classes of Annelida
Oligochaeta (segmented worms), Polychaeta (marine segmented worms), Hirudinea
Classes of Annelida
Oligochaeta(few bristles), Polychaeta(many bristles, Hirudinea
mandibles
One of a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.
proglottids
One of the segments of a tapeworm, containing both male and female reproductive organs
duo glands
One secretes a "glue" and the other secretes something that breaks down glue; used to move/attach and reattach
Anthozoans
Only occur as polyps; branch of cnidaria; sea anemones and corals
In _____ circulatory systems, fluid leaves the vascular system
Open
book lungs
Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Archaeogastropoda
Paua
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Caenogastropoda
Periwinkles
Two phylums in Deuterostomia
Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata
Planaria
Phylum Platyhelmithes, Class Turbellaria
Nematoda
Phylum containing organisms with cylindrical bodies; no segmentation; protostomes; body covering = cuticle; roundworms
Mollusca
Phylum that consists of organisms that have a muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, and radula; open circulatory system; true coelom; bilateral symmetry; protostomes; ex. clams
Annelida
Phylum that includes segmented worms; coelomates; closed circulatory system; 5 pairs of hearts; gas exchange across skin; nervous system with ganglia and ventral nerve cords; protostomes; ex. earthworms
Arthropoda
Phylum that means "jointed feet"; protostomes; exoskeleton made of protein and polysaccharide chitin; molt; open circulatory system; segmentation; jointed appendages
Echinodermata
Phylum that means "spiny skin"; deuterostomes; endoskeleton; water vascular system; larval stage is bilaterally symmetrical, but adult stage isn't; ex. starfish
All phyla under bilateria have a complete digestive system except....
Platyhelminthes
Began evolution of cephalization
Platyhelminthes
Bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Platyhelminthes
These animals respire by diffusion
Platyhelminthes
Unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms
Platyhelminthes
Bilateria containt two main phylums
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Rotifera (rotifers).
Body type of cnideria that is normally sessile
Polyp
Two stages of Cnidarians
Polyp and medusa
Mollusk that lives on rocks in intertidal areas; scrape algae
Polyplacophora
Body support provided by spicules
Porifera
Diploblastic phyla with no symmetry
Porifera
Sponges
Porifera
sponges phylum
Porifera
hermaphroditic
Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs
Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalvia Subclass Protobranchia
Primitive deep water clam
Lophotrochozoa vs. Ecdysozoa
Protostome divided into two groups -separated based on rRNA genes and HOX genes Lophotrochozoa a combination of lophophorates and trochozoa Excydozoa have a hardened external strucutre/skeletal
_________ acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system in nematodes
Pseudocoelom
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Sepioidea Suborder Spirulida
Ram's Horn Squid
Protostome Cleavage - Deuterostome Cleavage -
Spiral Radial
Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Subclass Coleoidea Order Teuthoidea
Squid
Radula
Strap-like organ used to scrape up food; mollusks
Radial Symmetry
Symmetrical everywhere (think of a circle)
Next Evolutionary Event
Symmetry -Bilateral --plane of symmetry with similar form on either side of the plane --Involves anterior and posterior -Radial --similar form with respect to a center point in all directions
Epidermis
The outer layer of a sponge
Medusa
The body form of a jellyfish
Spongocoel
The cavity in which water enters after passing through pores of a sponge
Excretion
The elimination of nitrogenous waste
What is an advantage of the closed circulatory system?
The heart can pump blood through the tissues rapidly, making oxygen more readily available
ostia
The intake pores on a sponge
Cephalization (Classification Criteria)
The location of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end
Molting
The shedding of an arthropod's chitinous exoskeleton
Gametangium Gametophytes Antheridium Archegonium
There are structures onmulticellular plants called ____? In which sexual reproduction occurs in the ____________? Sperm is produced in the _________? Ova are produced in the _________?
Phylum Rotifers
Tiny, mostly freshwater, complete digestive tract, separate mouth and anus, multicellular, specialized organs.
First Major Evolutionary Events
Tissues -An aggregate of cells with similar structure and function that work in a coordinated manner Symmetry -The balanced distribution of duplicate body parts Those without true tissues or symmetry -Sponges Those with true tissues and some type of symmetry -Everybody else
operculum
Trapdoor, flap of skin, that covers the nematocyst
Which class of platyhelminthes include the blood flukes?
Trematoda
Which class of platyhelminthes includes the chinese liver fluke?
Trematoda
Trichinosis
Trichinosis -ingesting bad pork; eating muscle -transmitted by mosquitoes
Extinct arthropod subphylum
Trilobites
Annelids have a closed circulatory system. (T/F)
True
Members in Arthropoda have an exoskeleton that is relatively impermeable to water. (T/F)
True
Most rotifers are bottom dwelling organisms. (T/F)
True
Platyhelminthes are acoelomate. (T/F)
True
Platyhelminthes are the first animals to develop a complete 3 germ layers. (T/F)
True
Some flatworms are predators, but many are parasites. (T/F)
True
Errantia
What annelid group does the marine worm belong to?
...
What are some unique and key characteristics of Vascular plants?
Cork Cambium
What gives rise to the peridum with replaces the epidermis?
Gametophyte generation Sporophyte generation
What is the haploid(Asexual) generation called? diploid(sexual) generation?
Bark inner-peridum outer-Rhytidome
What is the outermost layer of stems and roots called?
This is a fern prothallus, kingdom plantae, seedless vascular plant, Phylum Pterophyta. 1. Archegonia 2.Antheridia The stringlike structures are called Rhizoids
What is this picture of (Kingdom, Phylum)? What is #1? What is #2? What are the string like structures in the bottom called?
This is a fern prothallus, kingdom plantae, seedless vascular plant, Phylum Pterophyta. A. Primary root B. Prothallus C. Rhizoids The top part that looks like a leaf is a young sporophyte.
What is this picture of (Kingdom, Phylum)? What is A? What is B? What is C?
Vascular cambium
What produces secondary Xylem and secondary phloem & gives rise to wood in plants?
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Caenogastropoda
Whelks
Pores
Where water enters a sponge; formed by donut-shaped cells that span the body wall
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Who? -Flatwoms, flukes Primary characteristics -bilateral symmetry -flattened body shape -no circulatory system -two ventral nerve cords Ecological role -parasites of many marine environments
Class Ophiuroidea
Who? -brittle stars, basket stars Primary characteristics -jointed arms from central disc -use arms to move Ecological role -filter feed with tube feet -prey item -can live in very large groups, 2000 individuals, shelter for other animals
Phylum Broyzoa
Who? -bryozoans "moss animals" Primary characteristics -colonial -lophophore for feeding Ecological role -food source -found on hard substrates
Class Polyplacophora
Who? -chitons Primary characteristics -flat foot, radula, eight shell plates Ecological role -herbivores on rocky shores
Class Bivaliva
Who? -clams, mussels Primary charcateristics -symmetrical shells, foot, gill for feeding Ecological role -filter feeders -foundation species in mussel beds -competitors for space in rocky intertidal
Phylum Mollusca
Who? -clams, snails, squid, octopus, chitons, limpets, tusk shells Primary characteristics -veligar larva -shell (most) -head/foot complex
Phylum Cnidaria
Who? -corals, anemones, sea fans, sea whips, jellyfish, box jellies Primary characteristics -radial symmetry -nematocytes in cnidocytes -two body forms --sessile polyp --mobile medusa
Class Crustacea
Who? -crabs, barnacles, lobsters Primary characteristics -head with 2 pairs of antennae -feeding and/or walking appendages on thorax Ecological role -predator, prey, symbiont, parasite -many benthic habitats -sessile and errant forms
Class Cephalopoda
Who? -cuttlefish, squid, octopus, nautilus Primary characteristics -reduced shell in most -advanced nervous system -gasping arms Ecological role -predators -nekton - actively swimming
Class Oligochaeta
Who? -fewer marine species Primary characteristics -fewer setae Ecological role -live in sediment -base of food chain -aerate sediment
Class Polychaeta
Who? -fire worms, tube worms, leeches Primary characteristics -Setae -Modified head appendages Ecological role -errant and sedentary -predators -prey
Class Chelicerata
Who? -horseshoe crab, pycogonids Primary characteristics -body in two sections -four pairs of walking legs Ecological role -eggs abundant food source -habitat for others -predators
Phylum Arthropoda
Who? -insects, crabs, lobsters, spiders, ticks, mites, shrimp Primary characteristics -exoskeleton -jointed appendages -grow by molting Ecological role -in virtually every niche
Class Hirudinea
Who? -leeches Primary characteristics -reduced segmentation -absence of setae Ecological role -ectoparasites of vertebrates
Phylum Nematoda
Who? -roundworms Primary characteristics -protostomes -round body shape -longitudinal muscles only Ecological role -small <1mm -dense in soft sediment -important in food chain
Class Holothuroidea
Who? -sea cucumbers Primary characteristics -crown tentacles -posterior respiratory tree -autoevisceration -mutable skin Ecological role -deposit feeders -common in deep sea
Class Crinoidea
Who? -sea lilies and feather stars Primary characteristics -cup shaped body -catch zooplankton on tube feet -often stalked Ecological role -filter feeders -deep ocean spindles
Phylum Chordata - Subphylum Urochordata
Who? -sea squirts, tunicates Primary characteristics -notochord -nerve cord -pharyngeal gill slits -postanal tail -two siphons -tadpole shaped larvae Ecological role -filter feeders -found on hard surfaces -toxic antipredator compounds
Cnidarians are
carnivors, tenticals armed with cnidocytes.
The cuticle of nematodes is made of a. collagen b. chitin c. collagen and chitin d. chitin and protein
a. collagen
Bryzoa and Brachiopoda both have: a. lophophore b. pseudocoelom c. ciliary feeding device d. coelom e. two shell halves
a. lophophore c. ciliary feeding device d. coelom
Cardotoxic
affects rhythm of heart beat
Chordates are typified by a possession of a. notochord b. dorsal hollow nerve cord c. pharyngeal slits d. postanal tail e. all of the above
all of the above
Amoebocyte
allocates nutrients obtained from choanocytes
Porocytes
allow water to get in
Archaeocytes
amoeba like cells that can move and change in a sponge; involved in digestion, production of eggs and sperms, and excretion; can become specialized cells that secrete spicules
suspension feeders
an animal that extracts food particles suspended in the surrounding water
protonephridia
an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings
eurypterids
an extinct carnivorous cheliceriform also called a water scorpion
phototactic
an organism that moves in response to stimulus light -auricles -eye spots
Hirudin
anesthetic and anticoagulating
hermaphrodites
animals that produce sperm and egg in the same body
Hirudin acts as a _______to stop the prey's blood from clotting and as an anesthetic to numb the pain.
anticoagulant
medusa
any of numerous usually marine and free-swimming coelenterates that constitute the sexually reproductive forms of hydrozoans and scyphozoans
maxilipeds
appendages that help a crustacean eat
visceral mass
area beneath the mantle of a mollusk that contains the internal organs
Planarians (reproduction)
asexual sexual hermaphroditic(cross fertilization)
Hydra (reproduction)
asexual & sexual
Hookworm a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti
b. Necator americanus
Asconoid
basic body plan of sponge, central osculum lined with choanocytes, simple linear channel system of porocytes
Incurrent Canals
between radial canals that connect to the surrounding water, with beating of choanocytes water is pulled into these canals and passes through specialized cells called porocytes
type of symmetry for flatworms
bilateral
For Echnioderms, _____ symmetry is present in the larval stage and ______ symmetry is present in the adult stage.
bilateral, radial
Coelom (Certain Protostomes & all Deuterostomes)
body cavity lined by mesoderm
uses for coral
bone graphing
What type of fertilization does the phylum mollusca have? a. internal fertilization b. external fertilization c. both
both internal and external
Hydrozoa
both polyp and medusa forms, often colonial polyp stage.
Class Hydrozoa
both polyp and medusa stage, poly stage colonial, medusa stage called hydromedusa has velum(flap) with tentacles but NO oral arms ex. Hydra, Physalia(man of war), and Obelia
Cubozoans
box-shaped medusa stage; complex eyes; branch of cnidaria
tube feet
branches of water vascular system that function in locomotion, feeding and respiration
Protostomes Coelom Forms Deuterostomes Coelom Forms
by splitting of the mesoderm by an outpocketing of primitive gut
Which of the following phyla are the most closely related? a. Rotifera and Bryzoa b. Rotifera and Molluscs c. Bryzoa and Brachiopoda d. Mollusca and Annelida
c. Bryzoa and Brachiopoda
Pinworm a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti
c. Enterobius vermicularis
Echniodermata are a member of which clade? a. protostomia b. radiata c. eumetazoa d. lophotrochozoa e. ecdysozoa
c. eumetazoa
plate like structures and fans created by?
calcareous cups by polyps
What is Echnioderms endoskeleton composed of?
calcareous plates overlaid by a thin akin
Autotomy
can intentionally detach body parts that will later regenerate
statocyst
can tell up from down; organ of balance
Causes elaphantiasis a. Ascaris lumbricoides b. Necator americanus c. Enterobius vermicularis d. Wuchereria bancrofti
d. Wuchereria bancrofti
Arthropda's exoskeleton is made of a. collagen b. chitin c. collagen and chitin d. chitin and protein
d. chitin and protein
Arthropod evolution characterized by
decrease in number of segments, increase in appendage specialization. (HOX gene?), open circulatory system, complex organs.
Members in the phylum mollusca have a. indeterminate cleavage b. determinate cleavage
determinate cleavage
Are humans deuterostomes or protosotomes?
deuterostomes
parthenogenesis
development of an egg without fertilization
In Echnioderms, respiration and excretion is carried out by _____
diffusion
Gastrovascular Cavity
digestive cavity and circulatory system in Cnidaria
gastrovascular cavity
digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food
alimentary canal
digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus
Free-living flatworms, roundworms and segmented worms share all of the following traits except
digestive tract with mouth and anus.
alimentary canal
digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Phylum Cnidaria
diploblastic, radial symmetry, TRUE tissues, specialized cells called cnidocytes, gastrovascular cavity, nervous system,centralized chamber
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
distinct central disk, long flexible arms for movement.
Cl. Oligochaeta
earthworm, few chaeta
bioluminescent (Comb Jelly fish)
emits light
planarians body type
exceedingly flat and thin dorsal: top Ventral: bottom -covered with cilia -have flame cells
Radial Canals
extend outward of central chamber, lined with flagellated choanocytes
Most mollusks have ______ fertilization
external
ocelli
eyespots that detect light
Platyhelminthes are radially symmetric. (T/F)
false; bilaterally symmetric
members in Deuterostomia have an exoskeleton. (T/F)
false; endoskeleton
gastrozooid
feeding polyps -extend beyond covering -have nematocyst-bearing tentacles
mictic egg
if fertilized, these form a thick shell and become dormant; can withstand adverse conditions for several months
why nematodes are important
important organism in studies of genetics, aging and development, know genome and its easy to maintain
What kind of digestive system do Platyhelminthes have?
incomplete digestive system
primary host
ingests meat containing bladder worms
endoderm
inner layer containing the gastrovascular cavity
hexapods
insects - 3 body regions (head:antannae, mandibles - thorax: 3 pairs of walking legs - abdomen: no appendages), most abundant and diverse, herbivores, detrivores, fluid drinkers, predators, scavengers, parasites
Nematode have ______ fertilization
internal
arthropods
invertebrates that have an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed leg attachments called appendages
Cnidarians
invertebrates that have stinging cells and take food into a central body cavity
echinoderms
invertebrates with an internal skeleton and a system of fluid-filled tubes called a water vascular system
trophi
jaws for grinding
corona
key device when it comes to feeding (wheel brings food into master) and attachment -cilia resembling a rotating wheel
Dermonecrotic
kills the tissue in the skin of a jelly sting: Irukandjii syndrome
Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)
lack spines, reduced exoskeleton, five rows of tube feet.
Brachiopods
lamp shells; resemble clams; dorsal and ventral shells
spongocoel
large central cavity of the sponge
What are giant axons?
large nerve cells that facilitate high-speed nerve conduction and rapid responses to stimuli
All annelids except ________ have setae on each segment
leeches
Cl. Hirudinea
leeches, parasitic, suck blood and body fluid(hemolymph), produce anesthetic and anticoagulating HIRUDIN!, reduced cephalization compared to oligochaeta and polychaeta
Is Hemocyanin more or less efficient than hemoglobin of vertebrates?
less
ocelli
light sensitive eyespots
Planarians
light sensitive eyespots, complex nervous sytem, hermaphrodites, reproduce sexually or asexually through fission.
Fasciola hepatica
liver fluke
clonorchis sinensis
liver fluke --extremely successful organisms -one miracidia can result in thousands of cercariae -eating improperly cooked fish -20 to 30 million cases in eastern asia
secondary host
livestock ingests eggs which come out of human poop; becomes bladder worm in muscle of animal
cyclomorphosis
long spines and other body features that can be changed in response to environmental changes: seasonal changes, predators and low food
characterisitics of flatworms
majority are parasitic (2/3 - parasitic, 1/3 free-living) -cephalization -ladder type nervous system -bilateral symmetry
Next Evolutionary Event 2
protostome vs. deuterstome development -protostome --spiral cleavage --blastophore froms mouth -deuterostome --radial cleavage --blastophore forms anus
Members in class Gastropoda are a. protostomes b. deuterostomes
protostomes
larger roundworms
pseudocoelomate
Molluscs (heart)
pumps hemolymph-(fluid) through vessels into hemocoel-(body cavity containing fluid)
type of symmetry for cnidarians
radial
Radiata
radial symmetry, two phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
straplike rasping organ that mollusks use to scrape up food
radula
Oligochaetes
reduced head, no parapodia, chaetae present. Complex digestive system, closed circulatory system, segmented, ventral nervous system.
Lophotrochozoans
refers to animals in the taxa who either develop a lophophore or go through the trochophore larva stage
Calciferous glands
regulate blood calcium levels
metamerization
repeated body segments that are separated by septa
gonozooid
reproductive polyps -budding of new polyps: asexual *also has sexual reproductive mechanisms (medusa stage)
Brachiopods
resemble clams, two halves are dorsal and ventral
What kind of nervous system do flatworms have?
retain the nerve net with the beginnings of the more centralized type of nervous system seen throughout much of the rest of the animal kingdom
In Phylum Rotifer, the Latin term rota means ______ and fera means _______.
rota = wheel fera = to bear
Tunicates have a(n) _____ circulatory system
rudimentary
Rhopalia
rudimentary eyes in Cubozoa
Flatworms
sac body with 1 opening no body cavity organ level organization no specialized circulatory or respiratory structures
jellyfish class
scyphozoa
Class Anthozoa
sea anemones and corals, polyp dominant, no medusa, colonial like corals and solitary like sea anemone; Corals lay down calcium carbonate skeleton, each polyp sits in small cup or calyx, polyps connected to eachother by being produced asexually(clones), CaCo3 depends on zooxanthellae
Class Cubozoa
sea wasps, box jelly fish, medusa dominant, box shaped, painful/fatal stings, great swimmers, rudimentary eyes called rhopalia that allow species to actively pursue prey
Deuterostome
second embryonic opening becomes the mouth
Phylum Annelida
segmented worms, segmentation allows for greater specialization of the body, true coelm, completely closed circulatory system, advance nervous system, centralized ganglia, greater cephalization, segment is divided by septa,
auricles
sense organs
Lateral hearts
seris of 5 modififed blood vessels run from the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta ringin the esophagus(red)
Polyp Stage
sessile(immotile) attached to substrate by a pedal disc, body and GVC extends upward to a ring of tentacles that surround mouth; reproduces asexually by budding new polyps ex. anenome
Molluscs (nervous system)
several ganglia connected by nerve cords
Nematodes have _______ reproduction with separate males and females
sexual
Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called
spongocoel and out through osculum
what makes new proglottids
stem cells in the neck form them (new parts of segments of the body)
cnidocytes
stinging cell on a cnidarian's tentacle
Seminal Recepticles
store sperm after mating
Seminal Vesicle
store sperm before mating
Among flatworms that are internal parasites which of the following would be expected?
suckers and piercing mouthparts
crustacea have _______ on the abdomen
swimmerets
Medusa Stage
swimming stage where the tentacles extend down around central mouth and moves by contraction ex. jellyfish
Radial Symmetry
symmetry along central axis, they always face flowing current
water vascular system
system of internal tubes in echinoderms that carries out essential functions such as feeding, respiration, circulation, and movement
In many members of arthropoda , the body segments have become fused into functional units called _______
tagmata
Cl. Cestoda
tapeworm, intestinal parasites, scolex (small head), proglottids(repeating thin flat units), no digestive system, animal will embed scolex into side of intestinal wall and absorb nutrients through the thin body wall of proglottids
Cestoda
tapeworm, phylum platyhelminthes, hook/suckers testis, ovary
scolex
tapeworms attachment device onto intestine
Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes)
terrestrial, jaw like mandibles, many legs.
exoskeleton
the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs
The evolutionary origin of extensive complexity in arthropod body plans is throught to be associeated with which of these morphological changes?
the specialization of diverse body segments.
chelicerates
they have two body segments - cephalothorax and abdomen-, four pairs of walking legs, lack an antennae, and respire using book lungs, where spiracles are used for air to enter into.
Speta
thin sheets of tissue connecting to the body wall and separating each segment
Triploblastic
three tissue layers : endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. this includes more complex animals from flat worms to humans.
Heterotrophic
to take in preformed food
radula
tongue-shaped structure used for feeding by snails and slugs
mesogla (comb jellyfish)
translucent, jelly-like substance, made mostly of water
Trichinella
trichinella spiralis is an inestinal parasite that causes trichinosis, release larvae which creates a encyst in larvae tissue