Ch. 34 Adaptive Immunity

When a presented antigen fragments interacts with the T cell receptor of a helper T cell, the co-receptor that must also participate to finalize recognition is: A. CD4 B. CD8 C. MHC I D. all of these

A. CD4

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of: A. CD8 B. CD4 C. CD19 D. all of the choices

A. CD8

The class of immunoglobulin transferred from mother to infant during breast-feeding is: A. IgA B. IgD C. IgG D. IgM

A. IgA

most immunizations require multiple exposures to the vaccine (ie. boosters). Why is this the case

natural infections often generate stronger immunity than a vaccine because vaccines provide fewer antigens and less persistent stimulation. To achieve lasting and higher titer levels of antibodies, multiple vaccinations are required

Matching: 1) IgG 2) IgD 3) IgM 4) IgA A. accounts for about 10% of immunoglobulin pool B. The major immunoglobulin in human serum C. has special features associated with secretory mucosal surfaces D. found in trace amounts in the serum

1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C

Matching: 1) log phase 2) decline phase 3) plateau phase 4) lag phase A. this phase directly follows a primary challenge with an antigen B. the antibody titer stabilizes C. the antibody titer rises quickly D. antibodies are naturally metabolized

1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A

Class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on all of the following types of cells except: A. T cells B. B cells C. macrophages D. dendritic cells

A. T cells

an immune complex resulting from an interaction of antibody with cells or particles which becomes large enough to settle out of solution is called a(n): A. agglutination reaction B. precipitation reaction C. hemogglutination D. ouchteriony double diffusion

A. agglutination reaction

Class I major histocompatibility complex molecules are found on ___ cells. A. all nucleated B. antigen-presenting C. all anucleated D. non of the choices

A. all nucleated

The T cell receptor is comprised of: A. alpha and beta protein chains B. a delta protein chain C. a gamma protein chain D. all of the choices

A. alpha and beta protein chains

If a T cell that has received signal 1 for activation fails to also receive signal 2 it may become: A. anergic B. apoptotic C. anuclear D. cancerous

A. anergic

Class I and II MHC molecules: A. consists of a complex of two protein chains B. contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket C. consist of a complex of two protein chains and contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains that forms an antibody-binding pocket D. neither consists of a complex of two protein chains nor contains alpha-1 and alpha-2 domain that forms an antibody-binding pocket

A. consists of a complex of two protein chains

In humans, the antigen-presenting cells include all of the following except: A. eosinophils B. dendritic cells C. macrophages D. B cells

A. eosinophils

Tumor cells of the immune system that produce large quantities of antibodies and can be readily cultivated are: A. myeloma cells B. monoclonal antibodies C. lymphoma D. all of the choices

A. myeloma cells

the transfer of antibodies in breast milk is a good example of: A. naturally acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. artificially acquired passive immunity

A. naturally acquired passive immunity

The humoral immune response differs from the cell-mediated immune response in that only in the humoral immune response is there: A. secretion of antibody B. a precommitted lymphocyte C. a clonal selection mechanism D. the development of memory cells

A. secretion of antibody

the immune system normally discriminates btwn ____ antigens. A. self and nonself B. B and T cells C. humoral and cell-mediated D. primary and secondary response

A. self and nonself

Which of the following prevents some bacteria form adhering to mucosal surfaces? A. IgD B. IgA C. IgM D. IgE

B. IgA

Which of the following is not normally capable of virus neutralization? A. IgA B. IgD C. IgG D. IgM

B. IgD

Which of the following types of immunoglobulins is most abundant in serum? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM

B. IgG

Which of the following mediated inflammation by producing certain specific cytokines? A. macrophages B. TH1 cells C. TH2 cells D. cytotoxic T cells

B. TH1 cells

The variable domain of antibody molecules: A. interacts with various cells of the immune system B. binds target antigen C. interacts with phagocytic cells D. interacts with the first component of the complement system

B. binds target antigen

Superantigens exert their damaging effecs by: A. forming harmful antibody aggregates B. causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells C. killing large numbers of phagocytic cells D. all of the choices

B. causing the massive and non-specific release of cytokines by T cells

T cells produce and secrete factors which do not directly interact with invading microorganisms but which augment the body's defense mechanisms. These molec are called: A. antibodies B. cytokines C. immunogens D. augmetins

B. cytokines

A type of antibody light chain is the ___ chain. A. omega B. lambda C. delta D. alpha

B. lambda

Which of the following fxns as the B cell antigen receptor? A. IgG B. monomeric IgM C. IgE D. IgA

B. monomeric IgM

When an individual's immune system comes into contact with an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called: A. naturally acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. artificially acquired passive immunity

B. naturally acquired active immunity

Clonal deletion that removes lymphocytes that recognize any self antigens that are preset is known as: A. positive selection B. negative selection C. neutralization D. none of the choices

B. negative selection

Superantigens cause: A. specific activation of phagocytic cells B. stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines C. specific activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines D. none of the choices

B. stimulation of T cells to overproduce cytokines

Which of the following is not true concerning T-independent B cell activation? A. affinity maturation does not occur B. No B memory cells are formed C. B cell receptors are not involved in activation D. all of the choices are true

C. B cell receptors are not involved in activation

The only immunoglobulin class with members able to cross the placenta barrier is: A. IgA B. IgM C. IgG D. IgE

C. IgG

B cell are more effective than macrophages in presenting antigens to activate T cells when: A. macrophages are in short supply B. antigen concentration are high C. antigen concentrations are low D. none of the choices

C. antigen concentrations are low

A vaccination is a good example of: A. naturally acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. artificially acquired passive immunity

C. artificially acquired active immunity

Which of the following is not a function of the Fc portion of the immunoglobulin molecules? A. binding of host cells including some cells of the immune system and some phagocytic cells B. Binding to a component of the complement system C. binding of the antigen D. all of the choices

C. binding of the antigen

The protein chains in a complete antibody molecule are connected to each other by ___ bonds. A. peptide B. ionic C. disulfide D. none of the choices

C. disulfide

During activation of a T cell, the cytokine it produces to stimulate its own proliferation is: A. interferon gamma B. interleukin 1 C. interleukin 2 D. tumor necrosis factor

C. interleukin 2

The inability of a virus to bind to its target cell as a result of antibody binding to the virus is referred to as: A. toxin neutralization B. adherence prevention C. viral neutralization D. cytotoxicity

C. viral neutralization

One plasma cell can synthesize more than ___ antibody molecules per hour. A. 10,000 B. 100,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 10,000,000

D. 10,000,000

Type ___ hypersensitivity involves delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions. A. I B. II C. III D. IV

D. IV

Which type of hypersensitivity is Ig-E mediated? A. Type IV B. Type III C. Type II D. Type I

D. Type I

Which of the following antibodies is(are) involved in opsonization? A. IgG1 B. IgG3 C. IgD D. only IgG1 and IgG3

D. only IgG1 and IgG3

The secondary immune response is typically stronger than the primary response because ___ during the secondary response. A. all classes of immunoglobulins are active B. both B and T cells are activated C. the antigen is weakened by the primary response D. a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed

D. a larger population of lymphocytes reactive to antigen has developed

Antibodies can be produced: A. in vivo by natural infections B. in vivo by immunization C. in vivo using hybridomas D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

T cells attack: A. host cells that have been parasitized by microorganisms B. transplanted tissue cells from one host to another C. cancer cells D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

The humoral immune response defends against: A. bacteria B. bacterial toxins C. viruses D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with secondary antibody responses? A. shorter lag phase B. higher antibody titer C. higher antibody affinity D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

Which type(s) of antigen-presenting cell can activate T cells? A. macrophages B. B cells C. dendritic cells D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

adaptive immunity refers to the type of specific immunity that: A. develops after exposure to antigen B. can result from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another C. can be induced by natural or artificial means D. all of the choices

D. all of the choices

Which of the following is(are) involved with an antgen binding to an antibody? A. folding of both the V(H) and V(L) regions B. amino acids and the antigen's epitope determinant C. noncovalent bonds D. all of these

D. all of these

Which of the following is(are) true about monoclonal antibodies? A. they are made by hybridizing a myeloma cell and an activated B cell B. they recognize a specific epitope C. they are a useful tool in disease diagnosis D. all the choices

D. all the choices

Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of: A. naturally acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired active immunity C. artificially acquired active immunity D. artificially acquired passive immunity

D. artificially acquired passive immunity

Antibodies: A. can bind to an immunogen B. can target the immunogen for destruction C. are part of the nonspecific immune response D. both can bind to an immunogen and can target immunogen for destruction E. both can bind to an immunogen and are part of nonspecific immune response

D. both can bind to an immunogen and can target immunogen for destruction

The major histocompatibility complex directs the production of proteins called: A. class I B. class II C. class IV D. both class I and class II E. both class I and class IV

D. both class I and class II

Which enzyme inserts nucleotides at the V-J junction to add further diversity? A. DNA polymerase B. the RAG enzymes C. reverse transcriptase D. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

D. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

Type III hypersensitivity conditions such as arthritis involve A. the activation of mast cells B. a cytotoxic reaction C. delayed, cell-mediated immune reactions D. the formation of immune complexes E. all of the choices

D. the formation of immune complexes

Cytotoxic T cells destroy target cells by: A. direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species B. the perforin pathway C. the CD95 pathway D. both direct killing mediated by activated oxygen species and the perforin pathway E. both the perforin pathway and the CD95 pathway

E. both the perforin pathway and the CD95 pathway

T/F: most antigens are monovalent

False

In an antibody molecule, the ___ region mediates binding to host cells

Fc

Type ___ hypersensitivity is generally called a cytolytic or cytotoxic reaction because it results in the destruction of host cells, either by lysis or toxic mediators.

II

Antigen that depend on the fxn of T-helper cells are called ___ antigen.

T-dependent

Why do you think two signals are required for B- and T-cell activation but only one signal is required for activation of an APC

an activated APC can only do so much but activated T cells can in turn activate # s of other immune cells, and activated B cells generate large amount of immunoglobulins. Thus the danger from over-activation or autoimmune activation of B and T cells is much higher than for APCs

The changeover in production from IgM to IgG by an activated C cell is called a ___ ___ event.

class switching

___ anaphylaxis is referred to as an atopic allergy.

localized

In an antibody molec, each loop of approx. 60 amino acids is called a ___.

domain

T/F: Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease are both most often fatal.

false

T/F: Lipopolysaccharides are a common class of T-dependent antigens.

false

T/F: Most known superantigens are glycolipids.

false

T/F: Pentameric IgM activates complement up to 20-fold more effectively than does the hexameric form of IgM

false

T/F: T-cell tolerance induced in the thymus and B-cell tolerance in the bone marrow is called peripheral tolerance.

false

T/F: each antigen has one antigenic determinant site or epitope

false

T/F: T cells are so named because they mature in the thyroid

false, mature in the thymus

what other biotechnologies could be invented based upon clonal selection theory (in addition to monoclonal antibody techniques)

generation of polyclonal sera against a certain antigen by injection into mice, rats, rabbits, etc. Generation of novel antibodies in vitro can be done by recombining Ig gene segments and then using phage display to show proteins from these segments, and selecting for ones that bind with high affinity

The ___ chains are structurally distinct for each immunoglobulin class.

heavy

The specific regions within the variable region of an antibody that are responsible for antibody diversity and antigen specificity are called ___ regions.

hypervariable

what properties of proteins make them suitable molec from which to make antibodies

immunoglobulins need to be able to form binding surface (idiotopes) that have great chemical diversity, to be complementary with a large diversity of binding sites (epitopes) on antigens. Proteins have 20 amino acids, and great structural diversity. Lipids and nucleic acids are by comparison much more repetitive

Acquired immune tolerance is the body's ability to produce T cells and antibodies against antigens such as microbial antigens, while "tolerating" ___ ___.

self antigens

Molecules that stimulate T cells to proliferate nonspecifically, causing the release of massive quantities of cytokines, which, in turn, can lead to tissue damage are called ___.

superantigens

T/F: If the clonal selection theory is correct, there exists at least one lymphocyte capable of synthesizing an antibody specific to each antigen prior to exposure to the antigen

true

T/F: T-cell receptors can only recognize antigens on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells; they cannot bind free antigen.

true

T/F: penicillin is a good example of a hapten

true