Ch. 35 Assessment of Immune Function

What does the second protective response or the humoral immune response involve?

-"antibody response" begins with B lymphocytes with can transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies. They are highly specific that travel in the bloodstream and attempt to disable invaders

What does the cellular membrane damage result from?

Activation of complement, rival of killer T cells, and attraction of macrophages

The coordinated response of the components of the immune system to a foreign agent or organism is the _______ ________.

Immune response

The ______ _______ is the collection of organs, cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate the immune response

Immune system

The primary cells are responsible for recognition of foreign antigens are ______

Lymphocytes

These type of cells engulf, ingest and destroy foreign bodies or toxins

Phagocytic cells

The body's first line of defense is the _______

Phagocytic immune response

What is the role of the tonsils?

These tissues filter bacteria from tissue fluids

T lymphocytes, descendants of stem cells, mature in the _____.

Thymus

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

-active (illness) -passive (mom to baby and immunizations)

If the response is overly robust or misdirected, what can happen?

-allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease results

Describe how effector T cells destroy foreign organisms

-by altering the antigens cell membrane causing cellular lysis and producing lymphokines which destroys invading organisms

What age related changes affect immunologic function?

-immune -GI -urinary -pulmonary -integumentary -circulatory -neurological function

-first line of defense -involves the WBC's which have the ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agents -phagocytes also remove the body's own dying or dead cells. Dying cells in necrotic tissue releases substances that trigger an inflammatory response

-phagocytic immune system

There are 4 well-defined stages in an immune response:

-recognition -proliferation -response -effector

The acquired immune response is divided into two mechanisms:

1. The cell mediated response- involving T cell activation 2. The effector mechanisms- involving B cell maturation and production of antibodies

A client arrives at a clinic and reports a very sore throat as well as fever. A rapid strep test returns a positive result and the client is given a prescription for an antibiotic. How did the streptococcal organism gain access to the client to cause this infection? A. Through the mucous membranes of the throat B. Through the skin C. Breathing in airborne dust D. From being outside in the cold weather and decreasing resistance

A. Through the mucous membranes of the throat

Develops as a result of exposure to a specific antigen (typically will produce symptoms) or vaccine (typically doesn't produce vaccine) Within weeks or months after exposure, the body produces an immune response that is sufficient to defend against the disease on re-exposure Relies on recognition of specific foreign antigens

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

What is the clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a cross-link between two antigens?

Agglutination

What is likely going on with a patient if eosinophils are elevated?

Allergic reaction

What is the third mechanism of defense or the cellular immune response?

Also invades T lymphocytes which can turn into special cytotoxic T cells that can attack pathogens

A ______ is a protein substance developed by the body in response to and interacting with a specific antigen

Antibody

A substance that induces the production of antibodies is what?

Antigen

What is the specific area of an antigen that binds with an antibody combining site and determines the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction?

Antigenic determinant

It is a programmed cell death that results from the digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid by end nucleases?

Apoptosis

What term describes cells that are important for producing a humoral immune response?

B cells

A patient admitted with an infected leg, and the nurse notes an increase in his WBC count. The nurse is aware that, during the immune response, pathogens are engulfed by WBC's that ingest foreign particles. What is this process known as? A. Apoptosis B. Phagocytosis C. Antibody response D. Cellular immune function

B. Phagocytosis

White blood cells involved in immunity are primarily produced in the _______.

Bone marrow

The immune system's third line of defense, involving the attack of pathogens by T cells. What is this?

Cellular immune response

A series of enzymatic proteins in the serum that, when activated, destroys bacteria and other cells. What is this term?

Complement

The ________ is a generic term for nonantibody proteins that act as intracellular mediators, as in the generation of immune response

Cytokines

these _________ T cells are lymphocytes that lose cells infected with virus. They also play a role in graft rejection.

Cytotoxic T cells

any component of an antigen molecule that functions as an antigenetic determinant by permitting the attachment of certain antibodies.

Epitope

Describe the 4 ways that disorders of the immune system occur

Excess or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells, alterations in cellular functioning, immunologic attack on self-antigens, and inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

Decades ago, before the role of the tonsils and adenoids was better understood, it was typical after reappeared bouts with tonsillitis to have a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Today it is understood that the tonsils are lymphoid tissues that:

Filter bacteria from tissue fluid

This type of engineering involves emerging technology designed to enable replacement of missing or defective genes.

Genetic engineering

________ ___ ______ are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulates the rest of the immune system. When activated they secrete cytokines, which attract and B cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system. Cytokines are proteins produced by the cells of the immune system that determine the actions of the immune system cells. Separate subpopulations of ______ ____ _____ produce different types of cytokines and determine whether the immune response will be the production of antibodies or a cell-mediated immune response. ______ ____ ____ also produce lymphokines, one category of cytokines

Helper T cells

The ______ ________ response is the immune systems second line of defense; often termed the antibody defense

Humoral immune response

This is the body's specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism; resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease. What is is?

Immunity

If an immune response fails to develop and clear an antigen sufficiently, the host is ____________ or ______________.

Immunocompromised or immunodeficient

This is the study of diseases resulting in dysfunctions within the immune system. What is it?

Immunopathology

A complex system of checks and balances that regulates or controls immune response is called _____?

Immunoregulation

The gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by the aging process

Immunosenescence

where are WBC's produced?

In the bone marrow

These _______ are proteins that are formed when cells are exposed to vital or foreign agents; capable of activating other components of the immune system.

Interferons

Substances that are released by sensitized lymphocytes when they come in contact with specific antigens are known as ________.

Lymphokines

These cells are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response.

Memory cells

WBC's that function as phagocytes are called ______

Monocytes

There are 2 general types of immunity. What are they?

NATURAL aka innate (WBCs) and ACQUIRED aka adaptive (contact with the disease, or the vaccine for a disease, exposes WBCs to it and then body can program for defense against it)

Is a nonspecific, provides a broad spectrum of defense against and resistance to infection It is considered the first line of host defense Protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent

Natural (innate) immunity

A deficient immune system responses that is congenital in origin would be classified as a ________ disorder

Natural deficiency

Lymphocytes that defend against microorganisms and malignant cells

Natural killer (NK) cells

The leukocytes that arrive first at a site where inflammation occurs are ________

Neutrophils

_______ lymphocytes are lymphocytes that destroys antigens already coated with the antibody

Null lymphocytes

This is the coating of antigen-antibody molecules with a sticky substance to facilitate phagocytosis

Opsonization

What can trigger the inflammatory response?

Paper cut, abrasion, bee sting, sore throat, surgical incision, MI stroke, DVT, infection, etc.

The immune systems first line of defense, involving white blood cells that have the ability to ingest foreign particles

Phagocytic immune response

_______________ is the process of engulfing and digesting bacteria and foreign materials.

Phagocytosis

During the ______ stage of an immune response, lymphocytes interferes with disease by picking up specific antigens from organisms to alter their function

Proliferation

What occurs within the spleen?

RBC's are destroyed in the red pulp, and concentrations of lymphocytes are found in the white pulp

The _______ cells are precursors of all blood cells; reside primarily in bone marrow

Stem cells

What are lymphocytes that decreases B-cells activity to level at which the immune system is compatible with life

Suppressor T cells

These cells that are important for producing a cellular immune response are what type of cells?

T cells

What is complement, how is it formed, and how does it function?

Term used to describe circulating plasma proteins that are made in the liver and activated when an antibody couples with an antigen. It defends the body against bacterial infection, bridges natural and acquired immunity, and disposes of immune complexes and by produces associated with inflammation

What is meant by surveillance?

The immune system is in a perpetual state of vigilance, screening and rejecting any invader that is recognized as foreign to the host

How do cell mediators such as histamine, and prostaglandins help fight invasion by foreign bodies of toxins?

They cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and inflammation to allow phagocytic cells to access the injured area

How do the granulocytes help fight against foreign bodies?

They release cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and by engulfing foreign bodies and toxins

What is the function of the lymph system?

lymph nodes, channels and capillaries removed foreign material and serve as centers for immune cell proliferation

Granulocytes, which fight invasion by releasing histamine, do not include ______

lymphocytes

Distinguish between natural and acquired immunity

natural immunity is non specific and its present at birth acquired immunity is more specific, and developed throughout life action acquired develops by the persons own body passive acquired temporary immunity transmitted from another source that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunizations