Ch 38

Which of the following organ systems, along with the skeletal system, play a role in movement in vertebrates? Select all that apply.

Muscular system Nervous system

Acclimatization

Natural change in set point because of an alteration in the environmental conditions (temporary)

___________ feedback loops are common in maintaining homeostasis because they counteract change, in contrast to Positive feedback loops, which intensify change.

Negative

Which of the following types of animal tissue contains glial cells?

Nervous tissue

____________ are junctions between neurons.

Synapses

The organ system level of organization

When two or more organs work together for a specific function. The bladder mentioned, when combined with the kidneys (another organ), and the ureters ("tubes" connecting the kidneys to the bladder, form the urinary system (or urinary tract).

The organ level of organization

When two or more tissues work together for a specific function. For example, the bladder consists of an inner lining of epithelial tissue, bound by various connective tissues to (smooth) muscle.

Neurons are composed of ______________ , which receive signals, ______________ , which transmit signals to other neurons. ______________ are junctions between neurons.

dendrites axons synapses

Epithelial tissue consists of sheetlike layers of cells with little ECM material between them. Also called _______

epithelia

______________ glands secrete their product through a duct onto an exposed epithelial surface, and ______________ glands release hormones into the interstitial fluid.

exocrine endocrine

The regulation of the body's internal environment to maintain it in a relatively stable state is called __________________

homeostasis (homeo = similar; stasis = standing or stopping).

The processes and activities responsible for homeostasis are called ________________. These control systems compensate both for the external environmental changes that a human or other animal encounters,

homeostatic control systems

The evolution of multicellularity made it possible for organisms to create an _____________________ of fluid that cells use for the exchange of materials.

internal environment

______________ feedback loops are common in maintaining homeostasis because they counteract change, in contrast to ______________ feedback loops, which intensify change. Assessment question

negative positive

An ______ integrates two or more different tissues into a structure that performs a particular function or functions.

organ

An __________ is a collection of organs with related functions that interact to carry out a major body function such as digestion, respiration, or reproduction.

organ system

In a homeostatic mechanism, a sensor detects a deviation from the ______________ and signals an ______________ , which based on the output of the sensor activates ______________ , processes that restore the steady state.

set point integrator effectors

Which of the following statements describes an animal tissue? Select all that apply.

A tissue performs a specific function. A tissue consists of a group of cells.

Acclimation

Artificial change in set point in a laboratory set up

Which of the following types of connective tissue contains osteocytes?

Bone

Which of the following types of muscle tissue are striated? Select all that apply.

Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

Evolutionary adaptation

Change that occurs at the genetic level over many generations

Which organ system functions as a transportation system and delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout the body?

Circulatory system

Exudate contains which of the following cell types?

Fibroblasts

Connective tissue may contain which of the following components? Select all that apply.

Fibroblasts Correct answer.Intercellular substance Collagen Macrophages

Which of the following types of muscle tissue are striated? Select all that apply.

Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle

What level of complex organization is best described as a group of cells that collectively perform specific functions?

Tissues

Neurons are composed of ____________, which receive signals, and dendrites, which transmit signals to other neurons.

axons

Basal surface

• Adheres to the basal lamina or basement membrane • Basal lamina fixes epithelia to the underlying connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

• Covers body surfaces (skin) • Lines body cavities and tubular structures • Highly cellular • Polarity: basal surface and apical surface • Attachment to a basement membrane • Avascular: contains no blood vessels, obtain nutrients via diffusion or absorption • Regenerative ability: Continuously regenerated by stem cell divisions

Unicellular organisms

• Exchange materials (ions and molecules) with fluid in their external environment • More challenging for survival

Connective Tissue

• The most abundant and widely distributed tissue type • Functions: ◦ Protection ◦ Support ◦ Bind together other tissues of the body

Multicellular organisms

• Use internal microenvironment for exchange of materials • Survival advantages for multicellular organisms • Relatively larger body size

Which of the following statements describes an animal tissue? Select all that apply.

- A tissue consists of a group of cells. - Cells in a tissue are similarly specialized. - A tissue performs a specific function.

Which of the following types of damage would most likely result in scar formation?

A cut that penetrates well into the dermal layer.

_____ is a group of organized tissues that collectively perform specific functions.

An organ

4 basic tissue types, give examples of each and analyze structure function

Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.

The tissue level of organization

Consists of a group of cells that work together to accomplish one or more specific functions

Glandular epithelia

Epithelial cells form glands by invagination of epithelial tissue during embryonic development

An epithelial membrane has a layer of _____________ underlying the connective tissue .

Epithelial tissue

___________ glands secrete their product through a duct onto an exposed epithelial surface, and ______________ glands release hormones into the interstitial fluid.

Exocrine, endocrine

Apical surface

Exposed to outside environment or fluids within the body

Connective tissue may contain which of the following components? Select all that apply.

Intercellular substance Collagen Fibroblasts Macrophages

Major Functions of Epithelial tissue

Protect internal environment from abrasion and invasion of microorganisms Mediate exchange of materials between the internal and external environments Absorption and secretion

Superficial lacerations are repaired via which of the following mechanisms?

Regeneration of epithelial cells

In a homeostatic mechanism, a sensor detects a deviation from the ______________ and signals an ____________, which based on the output of the sensor activates effectors, processes that restore the steady state.

Set Point Integrator

Which organ system is best described as coordinating the activity of the other organ systems?

The endocrine system

Homeostasis

The regulation of the internal environment to maintain it in a relatively stable state Dynamic not a static process: Internal adjustments are made continuously to compensate for external changes

Blood, which is made up of multiple cell types including red and white blood cells, is an example of a(n)

Tissue

Epithelia have an outer, ______________ that may be exposed to water, air, or fluids within the body, and an inner, ________ that adheres to a thin layer of ECM secreted by the epithelial cells called the basal lamina

apical surface basal surface

An epithelial membrane has a layer of ______________ underlying the ______________ .

connective tissue epithelial tissue

Cell level of organization

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

In _____________, plasma membrane proteins of adjacent cells interact to fuse the two cells partly together and create a barrier between the cells.

tight junctions