CH. 4

amylopectin amylose

-highly branched chain of glucose units -straight chain of glucose units

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that ________ of our grains come from whole grains.

1/2

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

Which description best describes a starch?

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

A substance found in plants Is a complex carbohydrate Adds bulk to feces

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Which of the following food choices comply with the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines?

Add baked acorn squash as a side dish with dinner. Choose brown rice instead of white rice in a recipe. Choose frozen blueberries with with no added sugars instead of sweetened frozen berries.

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

Amylopectin

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestine

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

Breads Vegetables Beans

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

Carbohydrates

Citrus fruits, apples, bananas, oat and rice bran, barley, peas, and beans are major food sources of ______ fiber.

soluble

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starch

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

sugar beets maple sugar

The main function of glucose is to

supply energy

secondary lactose maldigestion

temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Choose the food that will have the most fiber.

whole orange

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Which fiber type increases fecal bulk and decreases intestinal transit time?

Insoluble (nonfermentable) fiber

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

Reduces transit time of feces Reduces constipation

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

When is glucose most likely used to produce fat?

When overall calorie needs are exceeded.

Sucrose

a disaccharide - a simple sugar.

Glucose

a monosaccharide - a simple sugar.

Amylase

a starch-digesting enzyme

Which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units?

amylopectin

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

amylopectin amylose cellulose

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______.

amylopectin; amylose The branched structure of amylopectin provides many sites for the amylase enzyme to bind and cleave off individual glucose molecules. A chain of amylase only has two sites for amylose to work, so the breakdown to glucose is slower.

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?

amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of

amylose.

Peptides

are multiple amino acids bonded together.

primary lactose maldigestion

chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

cut-up whole

Lactose is the main carbohydrate found in

dairy foods.

As intake of added sugars increases, dietary quality

decreases

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

decreases

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

grains vegetables fruits

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic.

Lactose ________ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after ingestion of foods containing lactose.

intolerance

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

limit intake of added sugars. consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains.

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweeteners

Fiber is a type of

polysaccharide.

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____.

polysaccharides

Type 2 diabetes

Choice, A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity. A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity.

Type 1 diabetes

Choice, A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.

Which of the following can assist the digestion of carbohydrates even before food enters the mouth?

Cooking food

Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

False

There is not sufficient evidence to link intake of sugared-sweetened beverages to risk for obesity.

False An excessive intake of sugar-sweetened beverages is linked to increased risk for weight gain and type 2 diabetes.

True or false: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits.

False Vegetable choices may be raw or cooked, fresh, frozen, canned, or dried/dehydrated.

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

Fat

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

NO

Gestational diabetes

Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby.

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners.

Sorbitol Sucrose High-fructose corn syrup

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

Starchy vegetables Red and orange vegetables Dark green vegetables Beans and peas

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for the body

True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

True or false: The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps to soften the tough connective fibers in the plants.

True

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

True or false: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

True or false: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceeds the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.

True

True or false: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True Replacing refined grains with whole grains will help increase consumption of whole grains. False