ch 4 ib

One reason for Japan's shift in values away from collectivism and toward individualism may be that A) richer societies exhibit less need for social and material support structures built on collectives. B) individualism is a more important trait in a global society. C) richer societies exhibit more need for social and material support structures built on collectives. D) increased urbanization and improvements in the quality and availability of education are both a function of economic progress.

) richer societies exhibit less need for social and material support structures built on collectives.

________ are the routine conventions of everyday life. A) Folkways B) Mores C) Rites D) Beliefs

A) Folkways

Max Weber theorized that there was a relationship between Protestantism and the emergence of modern capitalism because A) Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugality. B) Protestantism promotes the hierarchical domination of religious and social life. C) Protestantism states that spiritual growth is more important than material wealth. D) Protestantism promotes blind loyalty to employers.

A) Protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugality.

________ are typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income. A) Social strata B) Norms C) Social structure D) Groups

A) Social strata

The ________ is a research project spanning more than 100 countries that explores people's values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business. A) World Values Survey B) Global Leadership and Organization Behavior Effectiveness Instrument C) Indulgence Versus Restraints Survey D) Chinese Value Survey

A) World Values Survey

A ________ is an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior. A) society B) collective C) social strata D) group

D) group

There are three values central to the Confucian system of ethics that have very important economic implications. Which of the following is one of these values? A) filial piety B) rule-based law C) humaneness D) honesty in dealings with others

D) honesty in dealings with others

Under the mudarabah banking system, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business A) it charges that business interest on the loan. B) the business needs to pay back the loan with an additional markup. C) it has to donate the interest received on the loan to a charitable trust. D) it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment.

D) it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment.

A condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes is known as A) class stratification. B) social mobility. C) class mobility. D) class consciousness.

D) class consciousness.

Hofstede's dimension of Confucian work dynamism A) captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors. B) focuses on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. C) explores the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows. D) looks at the relationship between gender and the ability to accept ambiguous situations.

A) captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors.

An upper-middle-class manager tends to have hostile relationships with the working-class employees in the firm because of his tendency to perceive himself as superior to them based on his class background. In this example, the manager exhibits A) class consciousness. B) cultural awareness. C) social mobility. D) group orientation.

A) class consciousness.

The connection between ________ and ________ has important implications for the choice of countries in which to locate production facilities and do business. A) culture; competitive advantage B) moral principles; values C) class system; society D) values; norms

A) culture; competitive advantage

A major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism is that unlike Hinduism, Buddhism A) does not support the caste system. B) emphasizes wealth creation. C) promotes blind loyalty to employers. D) supports extreme ascetic behavior.

A) does not support the caste system.

When Jana visits her mother, she takes great pains to watch her language and use good manners because that is what her mother expects of her. This demonstrates the concept of A) folkways. B) mores. C) rites. D) beliefs.

A) folkways.

Class-based conflict between workers and management in class-conscious societies can lead to A) increased costs of doing business. B) decreased costs of doing business. C) companies going out of business. D) workers looking for new jobs in other businesses.

A) increased costs of doing business.

The ________ refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs. A) long-term versus short-term orientation dimension B) indulgence versus restraint dimension C) uncertainty avoidance D) power distance dimension

A) long-term versus short-term orientation dimension

Social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations are best described as A) norms. B) values. C) culture. D) society.

A) norms.

Hofstede's results, as might be expected, showed that nations such as ________ scored low on long-term orientation. A) the United States and Canada B) Denmark and Sweden C) Japan and Thailand D) Great Britain and Mexico

A) the United States and Canada

Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension considered A) the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty. B) the relationship between gender and work roles. C) how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. D) the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows.

A) the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty.

Mores are A) the norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and its social life. B) the routine conventions of everyday life. C) abstract ideas about what a group believes to be right, good, and desirable. D) the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations.

A) the norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and its social life.

________ refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. A) Persistence B) Indulgence C) Reciprocation D) Restraint

B) Indulgence

) Which of the following observations is correct? A) The economic principles established in the Koran are against free enterprise. B) The economic principles of Islam prohibit the payment or receipt of interest. C) The Koran speaks disapprovingly of earning legitimate profit through trade and commerce. D) Protection of the right to private property is not acceptable within Islam.

B) The economic principles of Islam prohibit the payment or receipt of interest.

________ is/are best defined as shared assumptions about how things ought to be. A) Norms B) Values C) Society D) Culture

B) Values

The ________ instrument is designed to address the notion that a leader's effectiveness is contextual. It is embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led. A) GLOBE B) WVS C) IND D) CVS

B) WVS

A society's social structure refers to its A) system of values and norms. B) basic social organization. C) religious practices. D) educational infrastructure.

B) basic social organization.

Even if a ________ can be characterized as having a single homogeneous culture, often that national culture is a mosaic of subcultures. A) culture. B) country. C) society. D) norm.

B) country.

In countries where the value of ________ identification is considered to be primary, managers and workers are discouraged from moving from company to company. A) individual B) group C) cultural D) primary

B) group

Hindus believe A) that there is but the one true omnipotent God. B) in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death. C) in the importance of individual religious freedom. D) that a material quest is more important than a spiritual quest.

B) in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death.

The system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living best defines A) society. B) value systems. C) principles. D) culture.

D) culture.

Several studies have shown that economic advancement and ________ are important factors in societal change. A) individualism B) collectivism C) improved technology D) globalization

D) globalization

A caste system differs from a class system because A) a caste system is an open system of stratification, while a class system is a closed system of stratification. B) it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a class system allows people to change their class through individual achievement. C) the social mobility in caste systems varies from society to society, while in a class system there is no social mobility. D) a caste system is a less rigid form of social stratification, while a class system is a comparatively more rigid form of social stratification.

B) it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a class system allows people to change their class through individual achievement.

According to Geert Hofstede's study, which of the following cultural dimensions would be characterized by a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change? A) high power distance cultures B) low uncertainty avoidance C) high collectivism D) low power distance cultures

B) low uncertainty avoidance

The concept of mobility between castes within an individual's lifetime A) is an opportunity to adopt positions of responsibility and influence in society. B) makes no sense to traditional Hindus. C) shows a figurative "reincarnation" of a person. D) is a sign of spiritual progression to traditional Hindus

B) makes no sense to traditional Hindus.

The term ________ refers to a group of people sharing a common set of values and norms. A) mores B) society C) culture D) folkway

B) society

An act as simple as shaking hands when meeting new people is an example of A) values. B) symbolic behavior. C) mores. D) social stratification.

B) symbolic behavior.

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? A) A manager in India looks down upon his subordinates because they are from a lower caste, compared to him. B) An upper-middle-class woman talks rudely to a salesperson, because she looks down upon individuals belonging to the working class. C) An American manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia, when he is sent there on business, because it differs from his own cultural norms. D) A French business owner, who plans to expand his market to China, conducts a detailed cultural study of China to customize his marketing campaign.

C) An American manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia, when he is sent there on business, because it differs from his own cultural norms.

According to ________, suffering originates in people's desires for pleasure. A) Hinduism B) Protestantism C) Buddhism D) Judaism

C) Buddhism

The emphasis on individualism in the United States results in which of the following advantages? A) Managers tend to develop good general skills as well as company-specific experience. B) Teams are built within an organization to perform collective tasks. C) Executives are exposed to different ways of doing business. D) It is easy to achieve cooperation—both within a company and between companies.

C) Executives are exposed to different ways of doing business.

________ are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners, eating with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like. A) Values B) Beliefs C) Mores D) Folkways

C) Mores

________ include such factors as indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism. A) Norms B) Folkways C) Mores D) Values

C) Mores

Which of the following statements is true about a class system? A) A class system is a more rigid form of social stratification, compared to a caste system. B) A class system is a closed form of stratification. C) Social mobility within a class system varies from society to society. D) In a class system, social position is determined at birth and cannot be changed during an individual's lifetime.

C) Social mobility within a class system varies from society to society.

Which of the following statements is true about the murabaha contract? A) Under the murabaha contract, when an Islamic bank lends money to a business it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment. B) Under the murabaha contract, money deposited in a savings account is treated as an equity investment in whatever activity the bank uses the capital for. C) The murabaha contract is widely used among the world's Islamic banks because it is the easiest to implement. D) The murabaha contract is a more efficient system than the Western banking system since it encourages both long-term savings and long-term investment.

C) The murabaha contract is widely used among the world's Islamic banks because it is the easiest to implement.

What is ethnocentrism? A) a belief in the superiority of one's business or organization over another B) a belief in the superiority of another group or culture over one's own group or culture C) a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture D) a belief in the superiority of one's self over another person

C) a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture

For international businesses, the connection between culture and competitive advantage is important because A) a weak connection is likely to encourage isolationism. B) a weak connection is likely to encourage competition. C) a strong connection is likely to produce the most viable competitors. D) a strong connection is likely to hamper innovation.

C) a strong connection is likely to produce the most viable competitor

The social organization of Western society tends to emphasize on A) a group orientation. B) collectivist values. C) individual achievement. D) work groups.

C) individual achievement.

Hofstede's ________ dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting and tolerating ambiguity. A) power distance B) long-term versus short-term orientation C) uncertainty avoidance D) indulgence versus restraint

C) uncertainty avoidance

Martin worried a lot about his job, which he chose specifically because it was very structured with clear rules and regulations. He carefully planned his career to maximize job security and retirement benefits. Martin would rate high on which of Hofstede's four dimensions? A) power distance B) individualism versus collectivism C) uncertainty avoidance D) masculinity versus femininity

C) uncertainty avoidance

A Japanese executive's ritual of presenting a business card to a foreign business executive is an example of A) mores. B) a values. C) an attitudes. D) a folkways.

D) a folkways.

Hofstede's masculinity versus femininity dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles and found that in A) feminine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional "feminine values" determined cultural ideals. B) feminine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished; however, there was a great deal of differentiation between men and women in the same job. C) masculine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation was made between men and women in the same job. D) masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional "masculine values" determined cultural ideals.

D) masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional "masculine values" determined cultural ideals.