Ch. 4

Which of these statements are consistent with the dietary recommendations for someone with diabetes? Select all that apply -Saturated fat should be limited to less than 10% of daily kilocalorie intake, or less than 7% if a person has heart disease. -Those with diabetes who wish to improve blood glucose control should eliminate all sugar (added and natural) from their diets. -The type of carbohydrate food chosen is more important than the total amount of carbohydrate consumed. -High-fiber foods like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits can help control blood glucose and blood lipids. -About 60 to 70% of calories should come from carbohydrates and monounsaturated fats combined.

-Saturated fat should be limited to less than 10% of daily kilocalorie intake, or less than 7% if a person has heart disease. -High-fiber foods like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits can help control blood glucose and blood lipids. -About 60 to 70% of calories should come from carbohydrates and monounsaturated fats combined

has no effect on blood glucose levels

-cholecystokinin -secretin

raises blood glucose levels

-glucagon -cortisol -epinephrine -growth hormone -norepinephrine

Part complete Mr. Jones, 70, is a very active senior. He goes for walks, works in the garden, and occasionally plays tennis. His total daily kilocalorie intake averages 2500 kcal. Calculate how many kilocalories in Mr. Jones' diet should come from carbohydrates to meet the AMDR. Round the number of kilocalories to the nearest whole number.

1125, 1625 kcal

If Mr. Jones' daily kilocalorie intake is 2500 kcal per day, and he wants to limit his carbohydrate intake to a minimum that would meet his AMDR values, how many grams of carbohydrates does he need to include in his diet?

281g

Which of the following statements is not true about carbohydrate digestion? -there is an enzyme in saliva that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. -The enzyme secreted in the mouth to begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates is not active in the stomach. -Carbohydrate digestion breaks polysaccharides into smaller units. -Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

Disaccharides like sucrose do not need to be further broken down before being absorbed.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the triggers that result in the release of hormones which regulate blood glucose? -The levels of epinephrine, an adrenal gland hormone, are reduced when blood glucose levels are low. -Glucagon is secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. -Cortisol, often referred to as the stress hormone, is released from the adrenal cortex when blood glucose levels are high. -Insulin is secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise after a carbohydrate-rich meal.

Glucagon is secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low.

What is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, to increase blood glucose concentrations.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of carbohydrate absorption?

Glucose and galactose are absorbed into the enterocyte by active transport before they enter the capillaries for transport through the bloodstream.

_______________ can result as a complication of diabetes due to damage to the arterial walls and an excess amount of fat in the blood.

Heart disease

effects of insulin to bring down blood glucose levels

High blood glucose -Blood glucose levels risefollowing the digestion of a carbohydrate-rich meal. -Insulin is secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas into the bloodstream. -Insulin increases the number of glucose transporters on the cell membranes to allow the transport of glucose into the cells -Insulin stimulates the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen and Insulin stimulates glycogenesis in the muscle cells. -Insulin stimulates lipogenesis in the adipose tissue. normal blood glucose

What happens to excess glucose?

It is ultimately stored as fat.

_______________, also called impaired glucose tolerance, may be diagnosed if a person has blood glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to indicate type 2 diabetes

Prediabetes

Which of the following statements best describes the role of dietary fiber in reducing the risk of developing diseases?

Soluble fibers slow the digestion and release of glucose preventing a spike in blood glucose following a meal. This increase in transit time may improve long-term control of diabetes.

digestion of carbohydrates

Step 1: Salivary amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin in the bread into smaller chains. Step 2: Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes are inactivated by hydrochloric acid. Step 3: Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into the disaccharide maltose. Step 4: Dissacharides are digested by the brush border enzymes sucrase, maltase, and lactase to yield monosaccharides. Step 5: Dietary fiber from the bread passes into the large intestine to be eliminated.

What occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal?

The beta cells of the pancreas release insulin.

_______________ is classified as an autoimmune disease, and involves the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type most often begins in childhood.

Type 1 diabetes

How is digestion altered in individuals who have been diagnosed with lactose intolerance?

Undigested lactose draws water into the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and cramping.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regard to the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation? -Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise. -Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. -Glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes. -All of these statements are correct.

all of these statements are correct

Due to reduced circulation to the limbs, people with diabetes are at an increased risk of infection, which can result in _____________

amputation

The alpha bonds of carbohydrates are broken down during digestion by specific enzymes. Lactose contains a beta bond, which is digestible by lactase. Most carbohydrates that contain beta-glycosidic bonds are not digestible because humans lack the enzyme needed to break down the bond. Which of the following carbohydrates contain alpha bonds that are digestible by humans?

amylose and amylopectin

The enzyme salivary amylase breaks down

amylose and amylopectin.

According to dietician Cynthia Sass, the purpose of fiber is to __________.

bind with cholesterol for removal from the body, and to strengthen digestive muscles to improve digestion

Diabetes can cause ____________ because of the leaking of tiny blood vessels in the retinas

blindness

According to the National Cancer Institute Research study, males consuming 30 grams and females consuming 25 grams of fiber per day decreased the risk of what specific diseases by 50% or greater?

cardiovascular and respiratory diseases

Of the following dairy foods, which has the least amount of lactose? -cheddar cheese -whole milk -yogurt -ice cream

cheddar cheese

T or F Carbohydrates are found primarily in animal-based foods.

false

T or F Glucose is stored in the kidneys as glycogen.

false

T or F It takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed, and circulated in the cells.

false

T or F Ordinary table sugar is a monosaccharide.

false

When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose is converted to ________ in the process of lipogenesis.

fatty acids

According to dietician Cynthia Sass, what specific food characteristics provide the best sources of soluble fiber?

fruit with edible seeds, skin, and membranes

Epinephrine acts on the liver to stimulate ________________ from noncarbohydrate sources

gluconeogenesis

The storage form of glucose in animals is

glycogen

Insulin stimulates ______________, which is the process of storing excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells.

glycogenesis

The hormone glucagon acts on the liver to stimulate

glycogenolysis

If you haven't eaten for a few (about four) hours, the body initiates __________, using __________ glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels.

glycogenolysis; liver

When blood glucose levels are low, glucagon stimulates _______________ the liver to break down stored glycogen and increase the levels of blood glucose.

glycogenolysisin

Glycogen is a

highly branched polymer of glucose.

lowers blood glucose levels

insulin

People with type 2 diabetes exhibit _________________ when their cells fail to respond to insulin

insulin resistance

A potentially fatal consequence of poorly managed diabetes is _______________, which occurs when ketone bodies accumulate in the blood.

ketoacidosis

Which of the following enzymes is lacking or insufficient in an individual with lactose intolerance? -galactase -sucrose -amylase -lactase

lactase

Which of the following sugars is a disaccharide? -lactose -fructose -glucose -galactose

lactose

After glycogen stores are full, insulin favors _____________, which results in glucose being converted to fatty acids

lipogenesis

Growth hormone stimulates __________ to provide fuel for energy from fatty acids stored in adipose tissue

lipolysis

Which of the following foods provides carbohydrate but NOT dietary fiber? -fruits -low-fat dairy products -legumes -vegetables

low fat dairy products

All of the following are considered simple carbohydrates except -glucose. -monosaccharides. -polysaccharides. -disaccharides.

polysaccharides

According to the National Cancer Institute, eating at least 25 grams of fiber or more per day will __________.

reduce the risk of an early death

Which of the following is a kilocalorie-free sweetener?

saccharin

What type of fiber binds with cholesterol to prevent absorption, reducing blood cholesterol levels?

soluble

The storage form of glucose in plants is

starch

Carbohydrates' main role in the body is to __________.

supply fuel

Insulin resistance occurs when

the cells stop responding to insulin

T or F Examples of polysaccharides are starches, glycogen, and fiber.

true

T or F Fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract.

true

T or F Poorly controlled diabetes can result in damage to vital organs in the body.

true

Increased age is a risk factor for ________________, which develops progressively over time and accounts for 90 to 95 % of diabetes cases., which develops progressively over time and accounts for 90 to 95% of diabetes cases.

type 2 diabetes