Ch 41: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

34. List in order of complexity the structural levels of organization of the body. Place a comma between each answer choice (a, b, c, d, etc.). a. Body as a whole b. Cellular c. Organs d. Tissue e. Chemical f. System

ANS: E, B, D, C, F, A e, b, d, c, f, a REF: Pages 1239, 1240, Figure 41-6 TOP: Structural levels of organization

32. The three functions of epithelial tissue are , , and .

ANS: protection, absorption, secretion protection, secretion, absorption absorption, secretion, protection absorption, protection, secretion secretion, protection, absorption secretion, absorption, protection The function of epithelial tissue is protection by covering the body and preventing invasion; absorption by absorbing material; and secretion by secreting mucus to line and moisten the body surfaces. REF: Page 1247 TOP: Anatomical terminology | Ventral cavity

4. A patient complains of pain in her bladder. In which body cavity are the bladder, lower colon, rectum, and urinary and reproductive systems located? a. Pelvic b. Mediastinum c. Pleural d. Abdominal

ANS: A A subdivision called the pelvic cavity contains the lower portion of the large intestine (lower sigmoid colon, rectum), urinary bladder, and internal structures of the reproductive system. REF: Page 1238, Table 41-1 TOP: Body cavities

2. The smallest living components in our body are a. cells. b. organs. c. electrons. d. osmosis.

ANS: A Cells are considered to be the smallest living units of structure and function in our body. REF: Page 1240 TOP: Structural levels of organization

22. The thin sheets of tissue that secrete mucus and line the body surfaces that open to the outside environment are a. mucous membranes. b. serous membranes. c. striated, involuntary. d. visceral, involuntary.

ANS: A Mucous membranes secrete mucus. They line body surfaces that open to the outside environment. REF: Page 1248 TOP: Tissues

28. When the nurse assesses an arm in proximal distal order, the assessment is performed from a. the shoulder to the fingers b. front to back. c. fingers to the center of the body d. center of the body to the fingers

ANS: A Proximal is nearest the origin of the structure. Distal is farthest from the origin of the structure. REF: Page 1238 TOP: Anatomical terminology

3. The largest organelle, responsible for cell reproduction and control of other organelles, is the a. nucleus. b. ribosome. c. mitochondrion. d. Golgi apparatus.

ANS: A The nucleus is the largest organelle within the cell. REF: Page 1242 TOP: Parts of the cell

15. The plasma membrane is constructed so that a. it is strong enough to keep the cell whole. b. nutrients can enter and waste products can leave. c. only oxygen can pass through. d. blood cells can pass through.

ANS: A The plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. REF: Page 1241 TOP: Cells

8. A group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that together they can perform a more complex function than any tissue alone is called a(n) a. organ. b. system. c. cell. d. endoplasmic reticulum.

ANS: A When several kinds of tissues are united to perform a more complex function than any tissue alone, they are called organs. REF: Page 1248 TOP: Organs

31. What are the characteristics of life that all cells exhibit? (Select all that apply.) a. Growth b. Metabolism c. Reproduction d. Responsiveness e. Homeostasis

ANS: A, B, C, D, E The five characteristics that all cells exhibit are: Growth, Metabolism, Reproduction, Responsiveness, and Homeostasis. REF: Page 1241 TOP: Cells

30. Which are among the 11 body systems? (Select all that apply.) a. Lymphatic b. Cellular c. Digestive d. Reproductive e. Accessory f. Spinal cord

ANS: A, C, D There are 11 body systems: integumentary, respiratory, skeletal, digestive, muscular, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, and lymphatic. REF: Pages 1238, 1251, Table 41-6 TOP: Body systems

14. When several organs and parts are grouped together for certain functions, they form a. tissues. b. systems. c. cells. d. membranes.

ANS: B A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body. REF: Pages 1240, 1241, 1251 TOP: Systems

11. The section of biology dealing with human structure is a. psychiatry. b. anatomy. c. surgery. d. physiology.

ANS: B Anatomy is the study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the body. REF: Page 1237 TOP: Terminology

5. The four phases of cell division all occur in a. diffusion. b. mitosis. c. osmosis. d. filtration.

ANS: B During mitosis, the cell goes through four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 1243, Figure 41-9 OBJ: 5 TOP: Cell division

27. Tissues that cover the outside of the body and some internal structures are a. connective. b. epithelial. c. nerve. d. muscle.

ANS: B Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and some of the internal structures. REF: Page 1247 TOP: Tissues

21. A type of tissue that stores fat is called a. peripheral tissue. b. adipose tissue. c. osseous tissue. d. muscle tissue.

ANS: B One of the most important forms of connective tissue is adipose (fat) tissue. REF: Page 1247, Table 41-5 TOP: Tissues

23. When a cell engulfs or surrounds foreign material, this process is called a. pinocytosis. b. phagocytosis. c. absorption. d. diffusion.

ANS: B Phagocytosis is the process that permits a cell to engulf or surround any foreign material and digest it. REF: Page 1245, Table 41-3, Figure 41- 10 TOP: Active transport processes

10. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the a. pleura. b. diaphragm. c. spinal column. d. peritoneum.

ANS: B The diaphragm (a muscle directly beneath the lungs) separates the ventral cavity into the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities. REF: Page 1238, Figure 41-3 TOP: Ventral cavity

9. Visceral muscles are a. smooth and voluntary. b. smooth and involuntary. c. striated and voluntary. d. striated and involuntary.

ANS: B Visceral (smooth) muscles will not function at will; thus, they act involuntarily. REF: Page 1247 TOP: Tissues

29. Epithelial membranes function is to: a. Secrets mucous, line ends of bones and line bursae b. Line ends of bones, secrete synovial fluid, line internal surfaces of organs c. Cover the wall of lower digestive tract, secrets mucous and lines lungs, peritoneum and pericardium d. Line lungs, peritoneum and pericardium and secrete synovial fluid

ANS: C The epithelial membrane secretes mucus, lines the lungs, peritoneum, and pericardium and covers the wall of lower digestive tract. The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction between joints and the ends of bones and lines the bursae found between moving body parts. REF: Page 1248 TOP: Tissues

26. Cardiac tissue is striated, involuntary tissue that branches out to form networks found only in the wall of the heart. This type of tissue is a. epithelial. b. connective. c. muscle. d. nervous.

ANS: C Cardiac muscle cells are striated with fibers that branch to form many networks, or webs. REF: Page 1247, Figure 41-12 TOP: Tissues

1. The anatomical term means toward the midline. a. anterior b. posterior c. medial d. cranial

ANS: C Definition—toward the midline. REF: Pages 1237, 1238, Figure 41-2 TOP: Anatomical terminology

6. Telophase is which phase of cell reproduction during mitosis? a. First phase b. Latent phase c. Final phase d. Spindle phase

ANS: C During mitosis, the cell goes through four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 1244, Figure 41-9 OBJ: 5 KEY: Nursing Process

25. The passage of water containing dissolved materials through a membrane as the result of a greater mechanical force on one side is called a. metabolism. b. mitosis. c. filtration. d. osmosis.

ANS: C Filtration is the movement of water and particles through a membrane by a force from either pressure or gravity. REF: Page 1245 TOP: Passive transport processes

16. In anatomical terminology, posterior means a. toward the tail. b. toward the head. c. toward the back. d. below the trunk.

ANS: C The posterior is toward the back. REF: Page 1237, Figure 41-2 TOP: Anatomical terminology

24. Passive transport in movement of material across cell membranes includes a. infiltration and diffusion. b. pinocytosis and phagocytosis. c. osmosis and filtration. d. anaphase and telophase.

ANS: C The primary passive transport processes include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. REF: Page 1245, Table 41-4 TOP: Passive transport processes

17. The transverse imaginary body plane a. divides front and back (coronal) of the body. b. divides the body lengthwise (two equal halves). c. divides superior and inferior portions of the body. d. divides the body into axial and appendicular.

ANS: C The transverse plane cuts the body horizontally into the sagittal and the frontal planes, dividing the body into caudal and cranial portions. REF: Page 1238, Figure 41-2 TOP: Body planes

18. Caudal is defined as toward the . a. head b. feet c. tail d. chest

ANS: C Toward the "tail," the distal portion of the spine. REF: Page 1237 TOP: Anatomical terminology

7. The muscle tissue cells that are nonstriated and appear in the viscera or internal organs, such as the walls of the intestines, are a. skeletal. b. glial. c. smooth. d. fibrous.

ANS: C Visceral (smooth) muscles are nonstriated and have a smooth appearance. REF: Page 1247, Figure 41-12C TOP: Tissues

20. The type of tissue composed of cells that contract in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord is a. epithelial. b. connective. c. membrane. d. muscle.

ANS: D Muscle tissue is composed of cells that contract in response to a message from the brain or spinal cord. REF: Page 1247 TOP: Tissues

19. Movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is called a. absorption. b. filtration. c. diffusion. d. osmosis.

ANS: D Osmosis is the passage of water from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution. REF: Page 1245, Table 41-4 TOP: Transport process

12. explains the processes and functions of many structures of the body and how they interact with one another. a. Anatomy b. Mitosis c. Filtration d. Physiology

ANS: D Physiology explains the processes and functions of the various structures and how they interrelate with one another. REF: Page 1237 TOP: Terminology

13. The doctor tells the nurse that the patient is complaining of pain in the thoracic cavity. The patient is complaining of pain in the thoracic cavity. The anatomical structure(s) which is/are not in the thoracic cavity is/are the . a. Heart b. Lungs c. Blood vessels d. Small intestine

ANS: D The small intestine is located in the abdominal cavity. REF: Pages 1238, 1239, Figure 41-3, Table 41-1 TOP: Ventral cavity

33. A muscle that separates the ventral cavity into the thoracic and abdominal cavity is called the .

ANS: diaphragm REF: Page 1238, Figure 41-3 TOP: Ventral cavity