mgmt 363 - ch 6
what is valence?
value of the outcomes associated with performance
what is goal setting theory?
views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort
what is direction?
where the person directs their effort
Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?
organizational
what are the individual-focused compensation plans?
piece-rate, merit pay, lump sum bonuses, recognition awareds
what its the organizational focused compensation plan?
profit sharing
What are the different personality types in relation to equity theory?
sensitives, benevolent (givers), entitled (takers)
what is respect?
shows how much people appreciate you
what is McClelland's Acquired Need theory? what are the factors?
suggests that people are not born with needs but develop them during early life experiences - achievement, power, affiliation
When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?
unrewarded inequity
Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. A colleague drops by her office that morning and says, "You've got this!" and she feels better almost immediately. This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?
verbal persuasion
motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance...
1. self-efficacy 2. specific, difficult goals 3. increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perceptions of equity
What is psychological empowerment?
An energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contributing to some larger purpose.
What makes a goal an effective one?
SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, results-based
T/F : Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.
True
Which element of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable?
achievable
Why is money so important?
achievement, respect, freedom
What is Alderfer's ERG theory?
builds on Maslow's theory by combining some of the needs and replacing prepotency with frustation-regression
Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ____________ behaviors and less likely to exhibit _______________ behaviors
citizenship, counterproductive
Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by convincing herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of
cognitive distortion
What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?
equity theory
What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"
expectancy
Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?
expectancy theory
True or false: If any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is higher than zero, motivation will be higher than zero.
false
Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. Which type of moderator on task performance does this exemplify?
feedback
What is the role of , feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment in the effectiveness of goal setting?
feedback: updates employee progress task complexity: degree to which task involves complicated info & complex activities goal commitment: employee accepts a goal & is determined
"Money is a tool to enable me to travel and do what I want." Which dimension of the symbolic value of money is emphasized in this statement?
freedom
what is the unit focused compensation plan?
gainsharing
Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?
goal
The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called
goal commitment
Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?
goal setting theory
What form of psychological empowerment are people experiencing when they feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress?
impact
A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?
instrumentatlity
People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing...
instrumentatlity
An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ___________ forces of motivation
internal
In terms of equity theory, a(n) ______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.
internal comparison
Teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. She compares her ratio of outcomes and inputs with that of the other secretaries in the firm. What type of comparison is Teri performing?
job equity
How does motivation relate to job performance and organizational commitment?
job performance: strong positive organizational commitment: moderate positive
What are the various comparisons that people could make?
job, company, occupational, educational, age
In the context of work, what quality results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions?
meaningfulness
what four beliefs make psychological empowerment up?
meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, impact
Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
motivation
What are the reactions to inequity and how do they differ in relation to positive and negative inequity?
negative: grow outcomes, shrink inputs positive: shrink outcomes, grow inputs
After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?
over reward inequity
what do employees consider when determining efficacy levels?
past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional cues
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?
pay promotions
Direction, intensity, and ____________ are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work.
persistence
What are the various ways that organizations apply motivational concepts in compensation systems? Be familiar with how each relates to creating a clear goal and connecting the individual's performance to outcomes.
piece-rate, merit pay, lump-sum bonus, recognition awards, gainsharing, profit sharing,
What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?
psychological empowerment
What influences goal commitment?
rewards, publicity, resources, participation, support
Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs?
safety, shelter
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?
skills experience
what are intrinsic motivators?
something about the task performance is rewarding and of itself
what is achievement?
symbol of success
According to goal setting theory, what are the three variables that determine whether supervisors' goals will affect their employees' work actions?
task complexity, feedback, goal commitment
What is the role of engagement?
to summarize motivation levels.
What are the three components of performance?
Motivation X Ability X Opportunity = Performance
the motivating force with the strongest performance effect is...
self efficacy/competence
An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?
self eficacy
what is instrumentality?
the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome
According to equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?
comparison others
According to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?
difficult and specific
the second most powerful motivating force is...
difficult goals
A company's employees work both in sales and in record-keeping. When the company introduces a sales contest, it is most likely to affect the staff's ______ of effort.
direction
Which of the main components of motivation is the focus of goal setting?
direction
Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.
engagement
Examples of intrinsic motivation are...
enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, lack of boredom
Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation.
external
What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?
extrinsic motivation
What is the primary focus of equity theory? how is it determined?
fairness, determined by comparing input/output ration against others
What is persistence?
how long a person tries
What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?
intensity
What are the three components of motivation?
intensity, direction, persistence
employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.
motivation
Examples of extrinsic motivation are....
pay, bonuses, promotions, benefits, praise, job security, support, free time
what is freedom?
provides the opportunity to do many things
What is motivation?
A set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee's work effort.
what are the 3 need theories?
Maslow's hierarchy of need, Alderfer's ERG theory, McClelland's Acquired Need theory
According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and...
valence
What is the expectancy theory?
high level of effort = successful performance
What is intensity?
how hard a person tries
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
humans have innate need that motivate them in a hierarchical manner where lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs are activated.
what are extrinsic motivators?
motivation that's controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance and is controlled by someone else
In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways in order to regain intellectual balance, but do not change their behaviors?
cognitive distortion
what are the 3 components of expectancy theory?
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
the thirst most powerful variable for task performance are...
motivational forces created by instrumentality, valance, expectancy