Ch. 5 Carbohydrates

?? Diabetes is strongly associated with family history, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity

Type 2

Diet, exercise and oral medications are typical treatments for

Type 2 diabetes

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

What is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?

Zero

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

Cooking and chewing

Soluble fiber ?? The absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood

Decreases

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through ??

Diet, moderate weight loss, and physical activity

?? May result from excessive straining during defecation sometimes due to being constipated

Diverticula

When a person consumes both adequate fiber and fluid, the stool becomes ?? to eliminate

Easier

Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level ??

Falls

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

False

Which fibers form the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?

Lignins, hemicellulose, cellulose

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

Liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Which of the following influence glycemic index?

Macronutrients in a meal and physical structure

?? , or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

Maltose

Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?

Maltose

To improve blood glucose control for pt's with type 2 diabetes,

Moderate weight loss (about 10% of body weight)

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Mouth

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?

Oligosaccharides

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

How do frivolous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?

They absorb water and expand in the GI tract

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain, they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits, and they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates

Which of the following is true about prediabetes?

This is when glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

Triglycerides, blood pressure, and fasting glucose

Which tissues derive almost all of their energy from glucose?

Central nervous system and red blood cells

Suraclose is made by substituting 3 ?? For 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose

Chlorines

What percentage of Americans shows signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

125 mg/dl

Providing energy is the primary function of ??

Carbohydrate

Most carbohydrates are composed of

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Recent research has demonstrated a relationship between sugar intake and an increased risk of ?? disease

Cardiovascular

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase risk of ??

Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?

45-65% of total calories

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

Amylopectin

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants

Amylose

Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?

Amylose and amylopectin

What age can type 1 diabetes occur?

At any age

Which of the following food consist predominantly of carbohydrates?

Baked potatoes, fruit, and table sugar

Which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?

Beef, butter, and eggs

Which of the following processed foods or beverages are high in added sugar?

Cakes, ice cream, and soda

(Glycemic index X Grams of ??) /100= glycemic overload

Carbohydrate

What is primary difference between fiber and starch?

Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?

Fiber content, starch structure, food processing

Which of the following are classics symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Frequent urination, extreme thirst, and increased hunger

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ??

Fructose

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

Galactose, fructose, glucose

Maintaining good blood ?? Control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications

Glucose

The major monosaccharide found in the body is ??

Glucose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Glucose and galactose

Which group contains all monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

The advantage of the branched structure of ?? is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly

Glycogen

The storage for us carbohydrates in humans and animals is called ??

Glycogen

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with a metabolic syndrome?

High blood triglycerides, hypertension, large waist circumference, high fasting glucose, and low HDL cholesterol

What sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

High-fructose corn syrup

What is technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?

Intake of high-fructose corn syrup, adds about 300 calories daily to the diets of Americans and added sugars in the diet is nearly triple the recommendation

When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats for energy

Is increased

Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates?

Jelly

Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

Kidney beans, apples, and oatmeal

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

Kidneys, heart and eyes

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ?? (A disaccharide)

Lactose

In what form is glucose stored in plants?

Polysaccharides

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

Polysaccharides

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides and starch

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ?? for energy

Protein

?? Is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts

Saccharin

Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by ??

Slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine

What is sugar alcohol?

Sorbitol

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

Starch and polysaccharides

What dietary modifications may be beneficial in preventing symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Substitute protein-containing snack for those that contain mostly sugar and limit caffeine and alcohol

The carbohydrate that is considered a benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ??

Sucrose