Ch. 5 Carbohydrates
?? Diabetes is strongly associated with family history, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity
Type 2
Diet, exercise and oral medications are typical treatments for
Type 2 diabetes
The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?
Type 2 diabetes
What is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, butter, and margarine?
Zero
Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?
Cooking and chewing
Soluble fiber ?? The absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood
Decreases
Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through ??
Diet, moderate weight loss, and physical activity
?? May result from excessive straining during defecation sometimes due to being constipated
Diverticula
When a person consumes both adequate fiber and fluid, the stool becomes ?? to eliminate
Easier
Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level ??
Falls
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract
False
Which fibers form the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains?
Lignins, hemicellulose, cellulose
Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?
Liver
Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?
Liver and muscle
Which of the following influence glycemic index?
Macronutrients in a meal and physical structure
?? , or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
Maltose
Which disaccharide plays an important role in the production of alcoholic beverages?
Maltose
To improve blood glucose control for pt's with type 2 diabetes,
Moderate weight loss (about 10% of body weight)
Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?
Monosaccharide
Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
Mouth
Is milk a natural source of sucrose?
No
Raffinose and stachyose are examples of what type of complex carbohydrate?
Oligosaccharides
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber
How do frivolous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety?
They absorb water and expand in the GI tract
Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain, they are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits, and they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates
Which of the following is true about prediabetes?
This is when glucose levels are elevated but not high enough to indicate diabetes
In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
Triglycerides, blood pressure, and fasting glucose
Which tissues derive almost all of their energy from glucose?
Central nervous system and red blood cells
Suraclose is made by substituting 3 ?? For 3 hydroxyl groups to sucrose
Chlorines
What percentage of Americans shows signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?
1/2 to 1 cup
What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?
125 mg/dl
Providing energy is the primary function of ??
Carbohydrate
Most carbohydrates are composed of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Recent research has demonstrated a relationship between sugar intake and an increased risk of ?? disease
Cardiovascular
Symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase risk of ??
Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
Which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
Amylopectin
Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch found in plants
Amylose
Which of the following groups of polysaccharides is digestible by humans?
Amylose and amylopectin
What age can type 1 diabetes occur?
At any age
Which of the following food consist predominantly of carbohydrates?
Baked potatoes, fruit, and table sugar
Which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates?
Beef, butter, and eggs
Which of the following processed foods or beverages are high in added sugar?
Cakes, ice cream, and soda
(Glycemic index X Grams of ??) /100= glycemic overload
Carbohydrate
What is primary difference between fiber and starch?
Fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can
Glycemic index is influenced by which of the following?
Fiber content, starch structure, food processing
Which of the following are classics symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Frequent urination, extreme thirst, and increased hunger
Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ??
Fructose
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
Galactose, fructose, glucose
Maintaining good blood ?? Control is critical to prevent the long-term, diabetes-related complications
Glucose
The major monosaccharide found in the body is ??
Glucose
Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?
Glucose and galactose
Which group contains all monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
The advantage of the branched structure of ?? is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly
Glycogen
The storage for us carbohydrates in humans and animals is called ??
Glycogen
Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with a metabolic syndrome?
High blood triglycerides, hypertension, large waist circumference, high fasting glucose, and low HDL cholesterol
What sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?
High-fructose corn syrup
What is technical term for high blood sugar?
Hyperglycemia
Which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of Americans?
Intake of high-fructose corn syrup, adds about 300 calories daily to the diets of Americans and added sugars in the diet is nearly triple the recommendation
When a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats for energy
Is increased
Which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates?
Jelly
Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?
Kidney beans, apples, and oatmeal
Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?
Kidneys, heart and eyes
Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ?? (A disaccharide)
Lactose
In what form is glucose stored in plants?
Polysaccharides
Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?
Polysaccharides
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides and starch
It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ?? for energy
Protein
?? Is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered safe when consumed in typical amounts
Saccharin
Soluble fibers help to regulate blood glucose by ??
Slowing absorption of glucose from the small intestine
What is sugar alcohol?
Sorbitol
What are other names for complex carbohydrates?
Starch and polysaccharides
What dietary modifications may be beneficial in preventing symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Substitute protein-containing snack for those that contain mostly sugar and limit caffeine and alcohol
The carbohydrate that is considered a benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is ??
Sucrose