Ch. 5

delayed partial report method

- presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished - performance decreases rapidly

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

it is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

phonological similarity effect

letters or words that sound similar are confused

working memory

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning

word length effect

memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words - takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

synaptic state

neurons firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened

the central executive

one function of _______ is to pull information out of long-term memory

visuospatial sketchpad

creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus

sperling's experiment

- array of letters flashed quickly on a screen - participants asked to report as many as possible - whole report method - partial report method - delayed partial report method

visual imagery

- involves the sense of having "pictures" in the mind - images may be memories of earlier visual experiences or syntheses produced by the imagination

whole report model

- participants asked to report as many as could be seen - average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%)

partial report method

- participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report - average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (87%) - participants could report any row

persistence of vision

- retention of the perception of light - trail of light from a moving sparkler - frames in film

STM storage

- stores small amounts of information for a brief duration - includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory

Erickson's experiment

- trained a college student with average memory ability to use chunking (student had initial digit span of 7) - after 230 one-hour training sessions, student could remember up to 79 digits (chunking them into meaningful units)

retrieval

3 ways of _______: recall recognition relearning

central executive

- acts as the attention controller - controls suppression of irrelevant information

focus, divide, switch attention

Baddeley called the central executive an attention controller because

preservation

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying _______

brown and peterson studies

Duration of STM - read three letters, then a 3-digit number - begin counting backwards by threes - after a set time, recall three letters

prefrontal cortex

Funahashi's work on mokeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

machines would shut down for material resupply

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that take sin and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stoke's working memory concept?

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

chunk

a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

control processes

active processes that can be controlled by the person

the episodic buffer

backup store that communicates with long terms and working memory components - holds information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad

echoic memory

brief sensory memory of the things that we hear - responsible for persistence of sound

iconic memory

brief sensory memory of the things that we see - responsible for persistence of vision - AKA visual icon

rehearsal

cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it

phonological loop

component of working memory model that deals with spoken and written material

the modal model of memory

contains features of many of the memory models that were being proposed in the 1960s, sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

phonological store

holds information in a speech based form

digit span

how many digits a person can remember - typical result: five to eight times

the neural dynamics of working memory

information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks

activity state

information to be remembered causes neurons to fire

sensory memory

initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second

prefrontal cortex

physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _______ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, imaged, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present - active only time some past experience has an impact on you

articulatory suppression

processing of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember

perseveration

repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal

chunking

small units can be combined into larger meaningful units

15-20 seconds or less

the effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

encoding

the initial learning of information

recall

the mental process of retrieval of information from the past

decay

the vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli

articulatory rehearsal process

when asked to briefly hold in mind a random list of digits, letters or words, people often over and over to themselves

1492 911 1776

which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776

time

which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory