Ch. 5
delayed partial report method
- presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished - performance decreases rapidly
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
it is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
phonological similarity effect
letters or words that sound similar are confused
working memory
limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning
word length effect
memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words - takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall
synaptic state
neurons firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened
the central executive
one function of _______ is to pull information out of long-term memory
visuospatial sketchpad
creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of a physical visual stimulus
sperling's experiment
- array of letters flashed quickly on a screen - participants asked to report as many as possible - whole report method - partial report method - delayed partial report method
visual imagery
- involves the sense of having "pictures" in the mind - images may be memories of earlier visual experiences or syntheses produced by the imagination
whole report model
- participants asked to report as many as could be seen - average of 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%)
partial report method
- participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report - average of 3.3 out of 4 letters (87%) - participants could report any row
persistence of vision
- retention of the perception of light - trail of light from a moving sparkler - frames in film
STM storage
- stores small amounts of information for a brief duration - includes both new information received from the sensory stores and information recalled from long-term memory
Erickson's experiment
- trained a college student with average memory ability to use chunking (student had initial digit span of 7) - after 230 one-hour training sessions, student could remember up to 79 digits (chunking them into meaningful units)
retrieval
3 ways of _______: recall recognition relearning
central executive
- acts as the attention controller - controls suppression of irrelevant information
focus, divide, switch attention
Baddeley called the central executive an attention controller because
preservation
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying _______
brown and peterson studies
Duration of STM - read three letters, then a 3-digit number - begin counting backwards by threes - after a set time, recall three letters
prefrontal cortex
Funahashi's work on mokeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the
machines would shut down for material resupply
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that take sin and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stoke's working memory concept?
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
chunk
a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks
control processes
active processes that can be controlled by the person
the episodic buffer
backup store that communicates with long terms and working memory components - holds information longer and has greater capacity than phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad
echoic memory
brief sensory memory of the things that we hear - responsible for persistence of sound
iconic memory
brief sensory memory of the things that we see - responsible for persistence of vision - AKA visual icon
rehearsal
cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it
phonological loop
component of working memory model that deals with spoken and written material
the modal model of memory
contains features of many of the memory models that were being proposed in the 1960s, sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
phonological store
holds information in a speech based form
digit span
how many digits a person can remember - typical result: five to eight times
the neural dynamics of working memory
information is stored in short-term changes in neural networks
activity state
information to be remembered causes neurons to fire
sensory memory
initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second
prefrontal cortex
physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _______ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory
memory
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, imaged, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present - active only time some past experience has an impact on you
articulatory suppression
processing of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember
perseveration
repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal
chunking
small units can be combined into larger meaningful units
15-20 seconds or less
the effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
encoding
the initial learning of information
recall
the mental process of retrieval of information from the past
decay
the vanishing of a memory trace due to the passage of time and exposure to competing stimuli
articulatory rehearsal process
when asked to briefly hold in mind a random list of digits, letters or words, people often over and over to themselves
1492 911 1776
which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776
time
which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory