CH 5 STUDY GUIDE

The sweat that is metabolized by bacteria on the skin, which leads to the strong odor of sweat, is associated with structure

G

Your 86-year-old grandfather and you have been out in the midday heat of summer (92 degrees F). Your grandfather becomes dizzy and thinks that he might faint. He also appears to be confused about what is going on. What conclusion can you draw from this scenario?

He has heat exhaustion, related to not being able to eliminate excess body heat.

What is the function of melanin?

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

You have been severely burned on the right arm in a house fire, but you are now recovering. The second- and third-degree burns have destroyed the epidermis and dermis of your arm.

no growth of hair in the damaged skin area

You fell on the concrete walkway and scraped your leg against the solid surface, which created a two-inch by three-inch area that is not bleeding. This would be called a(n)

abrasion

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

acne

In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.

apocrine

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.

apocrine

Structure D is the

apocrine gland

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissues.

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

areolar connective tissue

Structure L on the skin diagram is the

arrector pilli

The ________ is associated with the puckering of skin and the pulling of the hair follicle.

arrector pilli

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

The hair papilla, structure A, consists of

blood vessels and nerves.

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

There is a connective tissue layer protecting the hair shaft, marked as structure

c

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

can increase melanocyte activity.

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

carotene

___________ pigment makes yellow or orange

carotene

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous

The function of the arrector pili is

contraction

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.

cutaneous

The skin is also called the ______________ membrane

cutaneous

The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

cuticle

Shafts of hair are comprised of

dead keratinized epidermal cells.

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective tissue

Projections of lose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between adjacent ridges of epidermis are called

dermal papillae

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels located in the

dermis

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

dermis

The part of the skin at the bottom of the picture, seen in a lighter grey shade, is the

dermis

This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers.

dermis

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by

dilating blood vessels

The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?

epidermis

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

epidermis

Which of the following is in the correct order of layers in the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.

fibrin

A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

first degree

Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters?

first degree

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

granulation tissue

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

hair matrix

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes

The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?

holocrine

Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the

hypodermis

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between dermis and epidermis

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

The hypodermis

is quite elastic

A small build up of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because

it stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)

keloid

A hair shaft is composed of

keratin

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

keratin

The function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland is

lubrication

The pale crescent area of the nail is called the

lunula

In albinism _______ is missing

melanin

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.

melanin

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes

Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.

merocrine

The lowest level of cells of the strata marked e consists of

mitotically active epithelial cells

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis.

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.

oils; lipid-soluble solvents

Thick skin can be found on the

palms

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?

prevent damage to the tissue

Merocrine sweat glands

primarily respond to elevated body temp

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

Functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature

Structure G

releases sweat

The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.

reticular

Mammary glands are modified

sweat glands

Structure F on the skin diagram is a(n)

sweat glands

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they die

The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a

third degree burn

The function of structure E is

to change the orientation of the hair shaft

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from

ultraviolet radiation

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum

2,5,4,1,3

The most mitotically active part of the skin is structure

A

The structure composed of stratified squamous epithelium is

A

Where is keratin concentration the highest?

A

Which statement is correct?

A hair shaft is made of varying densities and consistencies of keratin.

All new growth in the length of the hair shaft occurs at

C

The layer containing adipose tissue is

C

Which layer is the stratum granulosm

C

Which layer of the diagram identifies the area where a hypodermic needle would be placed for an injection of a drug?

C

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid.

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

39) When a person becomes "pale" what is the physiologic basis?

The blood supply in the skin decreases

Which statement is true for merocrine sweat glands?

They are more numerous than apocrine sweat glands.

Structure F is the

seabacous gland

Elderly people tend to have rougher skin and more brittle hair than younger people. What structure is associated with this problem?

sebaceous glands

As an adolescent looking at pimples on your face, you think about what they are. You decide that they are related to ________ on your skin.

sebum

Structures marked J on the skin diagram are

sensory receptors

Deepest layer of cells in epidermis

stratum basale

The layer marked A is the

stratum corneum

The layer of epidermis exposed at the surface

stratum corneum

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the

stratum granulosm