CH 5 STUDY GUIDE
The sweat that is metabolized by bacteria on the skin, which leads to the strong odor of sweat, is associated with structure
G
Your 86-year-old grandfather and you have been out in the midday heat of summer (92 degrees F). Your grandfather becomes dizzy and thinks that he might faint. He also appears to be confused about what is going on. What conclusion can you draw from this scenario?
He has heat exhaustion, related to not being able to eliminate excess body heat.
What is the function of melanin?
It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.
You have been severely burned on the right arm in a house fire, but you are now recovering. The second- and third-degree burns have destroyed the epidermis and dermis of your arm.
no growth of hair in the damaged skin area
You fell on the concrete walkway and scraped your leg against the solid surface, which created a two-inch by three-inch area that is not bleeding. This would be called a(n)
abrasion
The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is
acne
In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.
apocrine
The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.
apocrine
Structure D is the
apocrine gland
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissues.
What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
Structure L on the skin diagram is the
arrector pilli
The ________ is associated with the puckering of skin and the pulling of the hair follicle.
arrector pilli
Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
The hair papilla, structure A, consists of
blood vessels and nerves.
The nail ________ covers the nail bed.
body
There is a connective tissue layer protecting the hair shaft, marked as structure
c
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light
can increase melanocyte activity.
The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.
carotene
___________ pigment makes yellow or orange
carotene
Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.
ceruminous
The function of the arrector pili is
contraction
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.
cutaneous
The skin is also called the ______________ membrane
cutaneous
The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the
cuticle
Shafts of hair are comprised of
dead keratinized epidermal cells.
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective tissue
Projections of lose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between adjacent ridges of epidermis are called
dermal papillae
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels located in the
dermis
The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the
dermis
The part of the skin at the bottom of the picture, seen in a lighter grey shade, is the
dermis
This layer is composed of a high concentration of collagen fibers.
dermis
When the body is overheated, the skin responds by
dilating blood vessels
The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?
epidermis
Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the
epidermis
Which of the following is in the correct order of layers in the cutaneous membrane?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?
evaporation
During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.
fibrin
A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as
first degree
Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters?
first degree
During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?
granulation tissue
Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?
hair matrix
Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?
hemidesmosomes
The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?
holocrine
Lipid is concentrated with the cells of the
hypodermis
The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis
Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
increase surface area for diffusion between dermis and epidermis
Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands
is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.
The hypodermis
is quite elastic
A small build up of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because
it stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)
keloid
A hair shaft is composed of
keratin
The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called
keratin
The function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland is
lubrication
The pale crescent area of the nail is called the
lunula
In albinism _______ is missing
melanin
The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.
melanin
The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from
melanocytes
Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.
merocrine
The lowest level of cells of the strata marked e consists of
mitotically active epithelial cells
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
monitoring sensory receptors in the dermis.
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed
Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.
oils; lipid-soluble solvents
Thick skin can be found on the
palms
The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?
prevent damage to the tissue
Merocrine sweat glands
primarily respond to elevated body temp
Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?
provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury
Functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature
Structure G
releases sweat
The ________ layer of the dermis contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.
reticular
Mammary glands are modified
sweat glands
Structure F on the skin diagram is a(n)
sweat glands
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
they die
The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a
third degree burn
The function of structure E is
to change the orientation of the hair shaft
Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from
ultraviolet radiation
Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.
vitamin D3
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum
2,5,4,1,3
The most mitotically active part of the skin is structure
A
The structure composed of stratified squamous epithelium is
A
Where is keratin concentration the highest?
A
Which statement is correct?
A hair shaft is made of varying densities and consistencies of keratin.
All new growth in the length of the hair shaft occurs at
C
The layer containing adipose tissue is
C
Which layer is the stratum granulosm
C
Which layer of the diagram identifies the area where a hypodermic needle would be placed for an injection of a drug?
C
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?
Since it is vascularized, the hypodermis can absorb a lot of fluid.
Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?
Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.
39) When a person becomes "pale" what is the physiologic basis?
The blood supply in the skin decreases
Which statement is true for merocrine sweat glands?
They are more numerous than apocrine sweat glands.
Structure F is the
seabacous gland
Elderly people tend to have rougher skin and more brittle hair than younger people. What structure is associated with this problem?
sebaceous glands
As an adolescent looking at pimples on your face, you think about what they are. You decide that they are related to ________ on your skin.
sebum
Structures marked J on the skin diagram are
sensory receptors
Deepest layer of cells in epidermis
stratum basale
The layer marked A is the
stratum corneum
The layer of epidermis exposed at the surface
stratum corneum
The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the
stratum granulosm