Ch 55
Which of these is a starting point for primary succession? -an abandoned city -a surface exposed by a retreating glacier -none of these is a starting point for primary succession -abandoned farmland -a neglected yard
-a surface exposed by a retreating glacier
An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? -competition -mutualism -parasitism -commensalism -predation
-commensalism
Which of these factors is not generally correlated with species diversity? -latitude -productivity -longitude -island size
-longitude
Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? -commensalism -predation -mutualism -competition -parasitism
-parasitism
What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island?
As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also decreases.
How might a conservation biologist apply the theory of island biogeography in a national park?
By ensuring large patches of forest are left undisturbed
How is succession in Glacier Bay both predictable and unpredictable?
Species traits tend to make succession predictable, whereas history contributes to the unpredictability.
According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island?
The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.
Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is?
The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island.
What makes pioneering plant species successful?
They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present.
What is the combination of resources or areas used or conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors called?
a fundamental niche
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants?
commensalism
Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark?
competition
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____.
expanded its realized niche
Explain why high productivity should lead to increased species richness in habitats such as tropical rain forests and coral reefs.
high productivity--> high population density of consumers--> competition--> intense natural selection--> niche differentiation--> speciation
Island biogeography theory is based on which two processes?
immigration rates and extinction rates
In a tide pool, fifteen species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) _____.
keystone species
Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet?
mutualism
Arctic wolves (Canis lupus arctos) inhabiting northern Alaska use distinctive calls (e.g., barking and howling) not observed in packs living farther east in Canada and Greenland. Researchers believe the differences in behavior may have a genetic basis. To test their hypothesis, at what level should the researchers focus data collection and comparison?
population
A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer?
predation
Coevolutionary arms races occur between _____.
predators and prey
When humans adopted large-scale agriculture, their total population size increased rapidly, primarily because of
reduced competition for food.
What is competitive exclusion principle?
the claim that species with the same niche cannot coexist
Succession in an ecological context refers to _______.
the predictable sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____.
the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate