Ch. 6

Which of the following are functions of the skin? Check all that apply. -Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemical or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches -Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair -Secretion of the waste product, urea, during sweating -Secretion of water and salt during sweating which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

-Absorption of oils or lipid-soluble chemical or drugs, such as estrogen or nicotine, through transdermal patches -Excretion of sebum that lubricates the skin surface and hair -Secretion of the waste product, urea, during sweating -Secretion of water and salt during sweating which plays a role in electrolyte homeostasis

heat retention:

-Hair on the scalp prevents a person from becoming cold

protection:

-Hairs within the external ear canal protect from insects -Hairs within nostrils entrap particles and prevent them from being inhaled deeper. -Melanocytes produce pigment granules that protect DNA from ultraviolet radiation.

chemical signal dispersal

-Pheromones are involved with attracting members of the opposite sex -hairs disperse pheromones

Check all that are a function of the integument. -Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Movement -Immune defense

-Protection -Prevention of water loss -Temperature regulation -Immune defense

Check all the statements that are true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis). -The subcutaneous layer is not part of the integument. -The subcutaneous layer consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue. -The subcutaneous layer is avascular. -One of the functions of the subcutaneous layer is thermal insulation.

-The subcutaneous layer is not part of the integument. -One of the functions of the subcutaneous layer is thermal insulation.

visual identification:

-Thicker or thinner hair, as well as length, helps with recognition

Consider the two types of sudoriferous glands. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category to determine whether it applies to apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands, or both.

Apocrine Glands: -Not active until puberty -Secrete pheromones( not on there) -Found in pubic and axillary regions -Scent is meant to attract a potential male( not on there) Merocrine Glands: -Found over entire body -Thermoregulation -Abundant on hands, feet, and forehead Both Apocrine and Merocrine Glands: -Secrete sweat -Use Myoepithelial cells to secrete -Utilize ducts to release sweat Explanation: In humans, apocrine glands are found mainly in the regions covered by the pubic hair, axillary hair, and beard. This supports the interpretation that they are pheromone glands as well as the fact they are not active until puberty. Apocrine sweat is thicker and more milky than merocrine sweat because it has more fatty acids in it. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands are widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Their primary function is to cool the body. In both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands, specialized myoepithelial cells are found amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland.

Of the following factors, which one does not contribute to skin aging? -Chronic overexposure to UV rays can damage the DNA in epidermal cells and accelerate aging as well as increase the risk of skin cancer. -As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity. -Beginning in middle age, reduced stem cell activity in the epidermis results in thinner skin that is less likely to protect against abrasive, mechanical trauma. -The skin increases the number and efficiency of epidermal dendritic cells, causing an increase in immune responsiveness.

As individuals get older, collagen fibers in the dermis decrease in number and organization, and elastic fibers lose elasticity. ?????

Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category. -Basal Cell Carcinoma -Melanoma -Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma: -Most common type -Seldom spreads to other tissues -Arises from the deepest layer of the epidermis Melanoma: -If metastasized, the deadliest skin cancer -Arises from the cells that protect from UV light -Least common type -Caused by mutations commonly found in moles Squamous Cell Carcinoma: -Arises form superficial cells of the epidermis -Raised, reddened, scaly appearance -Can spread from the keratinocytes to the lymph nodes Explanation: Basal cell carcinomais the most common type. It is the least deadly because it seldom metastasizes, but if neglected, it can severely disfigure the face. It arises from cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum. Lesions have a raised, reddened, scaly appearance, later forming a concave ulcer with raised edges. The chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal, but if it goes unnoticed or is neglected, this cancer tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and can be lethal. Melanoma is a skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes. It accounts for no more than 5% of skin cancers, but it is an extremely aggressive and drug-resistant type. It can be treated surgically if it is caught early, but if it metastasizes—which it does quickly—it is unresponsive to chemotherapy and is usually fatal.

Normal skin color is a result of the combination of hemoglobin, melanin, and ____________ .

Carotene

Which of the following is a true statement regarding sebaceous glands? Check all that apply. -Sebaceous glands are a form of sudoriferous gland. -Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. -Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands. -Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum. Sebaceous glands are modified mammary glands. Sebaceous glands are responsible for the oil that coats the hair on your scalp.

sensory reception:

Tactile receptors detect light touch

In the body, carotene is converted into ____________ .

Vitamin A

Differences in skin pigmentation are due to varying numbers of melanocytes within each individual. true or false

false

Damaged tissues are normally repaired through replacement of damaged or dead cells through a process called fibrosis. true or false

false its called regeneration

The oxygen-binding protein that gives skin its reddish tint is ____________ .

hemoglobin

The amount of melanin in the skin __________ partially determined by heredity.

is

males have _______ ______ but they are only functional in _________ and pregnant women

mammary glands lactting

The black or brown pigment that is produced in response to light exposure is ____________ .

melanin

Mammary glands produce ____________ so a mother can ____________ a newly born infant.

milk nourish

The skin contains numerous receptors to detect, distinguish, and interpret different sensory stimuli. Which sensations are detected by the skin? Check all that apply. -Vibration -Pressure -Touch -Temperature

pressure, touch, temperature, and vibration

The oily, waxy secretion called sebum is produced by

sebaceous glands.

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue.

stratified squamous epithelium, dense irregular

Composed of cuboidal and colulmnar cells, the ____________ contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum. stratum corneum. stratum basale. stratum melaneum.

stratum basale.

The ____________ is made up of multiple layers of dead keratinocytes that regularly exfoliate.

stratum corneum

The ____________ is named for the presence of dark-staining granules; keratinization begins in this layer.

stratum granulosum

The next layer is the ____________ , which is present only on the soles of the feet, hands, fingers, and toes.

stratum lucidum

Toward the apical surface, in the ____________ , the keratinocytes cease cell division. Epidermal dendritic cells are in this layer.

stratum spinosum

Mammary glands are modified ____________ and can be found in the ____________ .

sweat glands breasts

the degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to

the amount of melanin production by a person's melanocytes

The skin contains numerous sensory receptors located in both the epidermis and the dermis. true or false

true

Carotene is acquired from yellow-orange ____________ .

vegetables

Match the structure with its protective function. 1. Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light 2. Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects 3. Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms 4. Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense (Glands, Skin, Nails, Hair)

1. Skin 2. Hair 3. Glands 4. Nails

Match the type of skin cancer with its description. Malignant melanoma -1. Squamous cell carcinoma -2. Basal cell carcinoma -3.

1.) most deadly type 2.) Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum 3.) mot common; originates in stratum Basale

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1.Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. 2.Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. 3.Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. 4.Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.

1.true 2.true 3.false 4.false