ch 6 psych

Information is stored in short-term memory for about

20 seconds

While auditory sensory memory can last for about _____, visual sensory memory lasts for about _____.

3 to 4 seconds; half a second

____ involves recovering stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.

Retrieval

Which of the following statements about sensory memory is FALSE?

Visual sensory memory holds information longer than auditory sensory memory.

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is:

about seven items at a time

British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed:

an influential model of working memory.

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the eleven-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977. and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

One strategy to increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory is to group related items together into a single unit. This strategy is called:

chunking

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive":

controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?

echoic memory

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory.

elaborative rehearsal

We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

encoding

.Not every researcher accepts that short-term memory is limited to exactly seven items, plus or minus two. Recent research suggests that the true "magical number" is more likely to be:

four, plus or minus one

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

iconic memory

Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____

iconic memory; echoic memory

.Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?

information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime.

maintenance rehearsal

is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop":

is specialized for auditory material.

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "visuospatial sketchpad

is specialized for spatial and visual material.

auditory sensory memory

lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

At age 80, Bonita recalls the wonderful summers she spent with her grandparents during her childhood. She talks about the market in town where you could buy freshly churned ice cream and garden vegetables, the county fair, and bonfires where her grandmother would make s'mores for the family. Bonita's recollections are an example of _____ memory.

long term memory

Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by a highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his:

long-term memory

At an auto parts store, Adam looked up the oil filter number in the parts catalog. Adam mentally repeated the number, PF3807A, as he searched the shelves for the correct oil filter for his car. Adam was using _____ to keep the information in his short-term memory.

maintenance rehearsal

Merely repeating information over and over is called "_____" while focusing on the meaning of the information is called "_____."

maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal

According to the stage model of memory:

memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Participants in Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched, medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in the upper, middle, or lower row.

one-third of a second

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the _____ is to auditory material as the _____ is to visual or spatial material.

phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

procedural memory

. Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called "_____ memory" while knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called "_____ memory."

procedural;semantic

Working memory:

refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information.

In order for chunking to work:

retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

seems to be limitless

As she was reading the suggestions in the textbook on how to improve memory, Tanika thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. By applying the information to herself, Tanika was using _____ to help her encode and remember the information.

self reference effect

When studying for a test in his Lifespan Development class, Mario tries to apply the information to his own life in order to better retain the material. Mario is demonstrating:

self-reference effect

Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?

sensory memory

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?

short term memory

Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the long-distance phone number over and over. Mary was trying to keep the information in:

short term memory

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness?

short term memory

Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be held and processed in your:

short term or working memory

Consider this sentence: "Sean was able to get the dog to come out from under the abandoned house by shaking a bag of dog food." In order for you to consciously make sense out of the sentence, the information was processed in your:

short term, working memory

_____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

storage

Psychologist George Sperling:

studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.

What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed?

the info fades or decays

Memory is formally defined as:

the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

What was psychologist George Miller describing in his paper entitled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"?

the number of items or bits of information that can be held in short-term memory at one time

The "phonological loop," "visuospatial sketchpad," and "central executive" are:

the three main components in the model of working memory developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley.

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

uses a process called clustering

to help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate at the sound of a ticking metronome, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in Pavlov's laboratory and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was using _____ to help encode the information into long-term memory.

visual imagery

Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that:

visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about half a second.

Short-term memory refers to the active, _____ memory system.

working memory