Ch 6,7,8,10,11,12 Psychology

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18 to 24

Which of the following is a prime number?

5

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?

People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.

the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Where in the brain are emotional memory parts stored?

The amygdala

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which of the following is not a way we tend to think of personality? Our personalities ________.

are mutable

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness?

central route

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________.

consummate

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural; artificial

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence.

normative

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

suggestibility

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of ________.

instrumental aggression

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis?

Milgram

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

What is the animal that was used to research memory?

(sea slug)

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial

Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message?

peripheral route

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of a memory

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

reaction formation

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?

seeking outside opinions on group decisions

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic