ch 7 & 8 study guide

________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen. Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis

Glycogenesis

The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called _________. coenzymes cosubstrates reactants products

coenzymes

A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a ________ reaction. condensation hydrolysis enzymatic aminopeptidase

condensation

following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver calls remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into _________ through the cori cycle. glucose acetyl CoA NADH pyruvate

glucose

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ________. lipogenesis glycogenesis beta-oxidation lipolysis

lipogenesis

---------- is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach. Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase pancreatic amylase lipase peptidase

Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

Which of the following statements about hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is false? HSL acts predominately in liver cells. HSL facilitates lipolysis. HSL functions only when insulin levels are low. HSL is an enzyme that facilitates the removal of three fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

HSL acts predominately in liver cells.

________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced. Ketogenesis Ketone diet Beta-oxidation Ketoacidosis

Ketogenesis

Which of the following statements describes lactic acid? Lactic acid id made under anaerobic conditions. Lactic acid is made from acetyl CoA. lactic acid is a two-carbon molecule. lactic acid is a primary source of energy in the human body

Lactic acid id made under anaerobic conditions.

Angela follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Angela following? Lactoovovegetarian Semivegetarian Ovovegetarian Lactovegetarian

Lactoovovegetarian

The process of ________ occurs when energy is wasted as heat, rather than being converted to ATP. adaptive thermogenesis glycogenolysis ketosis beta-oxidation

adaptive thermogenesis

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________. adipose cell triglycerides muscle glycogen liver glycogen pancreatic triglycerides

adipose cell triglycerides

The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process. aerobic anaerobic

aerobic

Each of the following is characteristic of a ketogenic diet except _______. low in fat moderate to low in protein very low in carbohydrate

low in fat

____________ is a severe form of undernutrition that occurs when a person experiences extreme weight loss due to lack of nutrients and energy in the diet. marasmus celiac disease measles kwashiorkor

marasmus

juan has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. as a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. based on this information, his body is in __________ nitrogen balance. negative facilitated positive deactivated

negative

High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of________. nutrigenomics nutrigenetics nutrifanatics nutripronomics

nutrigenomics

which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins? amylase cholecystokinin trypsin bile

trypsin

What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis? 2 4 30 32

2

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true? Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

________ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones. Anabolism Catabolism Edentualism Polymorphism

Anabolism

Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell? Anaerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism release about the same amount of energy.

Anaerobic metabolism

Which of the following is an example of catabolic pathway? Beta-oxidation Glycogenesis lipogenesis protein synthesis

Beta-oxidation

Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses? Carrots and celery Wheat and shellfish Peanuts and other nuts Fish and shellfish

Carrots and celery

________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage. Cirrhosis of the liver Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes BAC

Cirrhosis of the liver

Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver? Cortisol Insulin Cholecystokinin Gastrin

Cortisol

instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____. plasma membrane golgi apparatus DNA ribosomes

DNA

Which of the following statements is true? Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition. In the UnitedStates, teenagers have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Compared tochildren in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the UnitedStates have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding.

Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

Which of the following metabolic hormones stimulates lipolysis in the adipose tissue? Epinephrine Insulin Secretin Estrogen

Epinephrine

________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons. FAD NAD TPP Coenzyme A

FAD

________ can be broken down through the process of glycogenolysis to help replenish a person's blood glucose levels. Liver glycogen Muscle glycogen Liver and muscle glycogen Liver, muscle, and pancreatic glycogen

Liver glycogen

Bernard recently started following an exclusively plant-based diet. What is a possible concern to following such a diet? Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium High intake of vitamins C and E Low intake of saturated fats High intake of phytochemicals

Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid? Methionine Alanine Cysteine Serine

Methionine

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles? Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum lysosome

Mitochondrion

A deficiency of which of the following vitamins would impair the ability of cells in the body to convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA? Niacin Folate Vitamin D Vitamin C

Niacin

________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome. Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics Personalized nutrition Genetics

Nutrigenomics

cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. based of this info, cameron has _____________. PKU amino acid toxicity syndrome cystic fibrosis IBD

PKU

________ is a component of coenzyme A. Pantothenic acid Niacin Folate Thiamin

Pantothenic acid

Which of the following plant foods is considered a source of complete protein? Quinoa Peanut butter Almonds Whole-wheat crackers

Quinoa

A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during ________. aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell anaerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell aerobic metabolism when there isn't sufficient oxygen present in the cell both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell

Leanora has poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. which of the following is a sign that Leanora's body is in the potentially life-threatening condition ketoacidosis? Excessive thirst fruity breath nausea and vomiting all of these choices are correct

all of these choices are correct

Proteins ________. are comprised of amino acids have phosphorus in their chemical structures provide 7 kcal/g are stored as glycogen in the body

are comprised of amino acids

during starvation, the body ________. begins to rely more on fatty acids for energy relies most significantly on protein for energy secretes hormones that inhibit ketogenesis increases glycogenesis

begins to rely more on fatty acids for energy

A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed. fatty acid carbonskeleton dipeptidefragment ribonucleotide

carbon skeleton

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________. catabolic anabolic dynamic metaphysic

catabolic

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________. cystic fibrosis celiac disease irritable bowel syndrome colon cancer

celiac disease

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________. lying down after meals eating foods that contain phenylalanine consuming foods that contain gluten taking dietary supplements that contain homocysteine

consuming foods that contain gluten

consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to __________. dehydration Alzheimer's disease arthritis stroke

dehydration

_______ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and , as a result, the molecule loses its usual function, hydrogenation protonation denaturation filtration

denaturation

An amino acid does not contain a(n)________. fatty acid group acid group amino group carbon skeleton

fatty acid group

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? glycolysis is an anaerobic process. glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria of cells. glycolysis results in a net gain of 6 ATP The end product of glycolysis is Acetyl CoA

glycolysis is an anaerobic process.

Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule ________. is comprised of glucose units has nitrogen in its chemical structure provides more energy has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

has nitrogen in its chemical structure

Fat cells contain the enzyme ________, which facilitates the process of lipolysis. hormone sensitive lipase insulin coritsol fatty tissue lipase

hormone sensitive lipase

In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase and intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid and pepsin mucus and cholecystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase andintrinsic factor hydrochloric acidand pepsin mucus andcholecystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor

hydrochloric acidand pepsin

All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways except ___________. insulin glucagon epinephrine cortisol

insulin

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a/an _______ process. irreversible reversible

irreversible

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________. peptide bond fatty acid chain glycosidic linkage partially-hydrogenated protein

peptide bond

jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. based on this information, his body is in __________ nitrogen balance. positive activated inverted negative

positive

Exclusively plant-based diets may not supply enough ________ to meet a child's needs. fiber vitamin C protein sodium

protein

Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________. pyruvate oxaloacetate acetyl CoA fructose

pyruvate

Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle? Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Cytochrome C Glucose

pyruvate

hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form quaternary primary secondary tertiary

quaternary

Which of the following is NOT considered a major function of proteins in the human body? synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen synthesis of clotting compounds in blood synthesis of certain hormones as enzymes to speed chemical reactions

synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen

Compared to a diet that provides fewer plant foods, a plant-based diet typically provides more ______. saturated fat cholesterol vitamin b-12 vitamin c

vitamin c

Which of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells? Alcohol Vitamins Minerals Water

Alcohol

Cole was told by his healthcare provider that he has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following can occur as a result of metabolic syndrome? Insulin resistance Increased insulin secretion Increased breakdown of glycogen from the liver to replenish blood glucose levels All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of a food allergy? Hives Vomiting and/or diarrhea Swollen lips All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

What happens when levels of limiting amino acids are insufficient in the diet? Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid cannot be made Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid end up being shorter than normal No new body proteins can be made There is no effect on protein synthesis

Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid cannot be made

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of celiac disease? Heartburn Abdominal bloating Chronic diarrhea Weight loss

Heartburn