ch 7 & 8 study guide
________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen. Glycogenesis Lipogenesis Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called _________. coenzymes cosubstrates reactants products
coenzymes
A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a ________ reaction. condensation hydrolysis enzymatic aminopeptidase
condensation
following the release of lactate into the bloodstream, liver calls remove the lactate from the bloodstream and recycle it into _________ through the cori cycle. glucose acetyl CoA NADH pyruvate
glucose
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as ________. lipogenesis glycogenesis beta-oxidation lipolysis
lipogenesis
---------- is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach. Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase pancreatic amylase lipase peptidase
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
Which of the following statements about hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is false? HSL acts predominately in liver cells. HSL facilitates lipolysis. HSL functions only when insulin levels are low. HSL is an enzyme that facilitates the removal of three fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.
HSL acts predominately in liver cells.
________ is the formation of ketone bodies in liver cells from the excess of acetyl CoA produced. Ketogenesis Ketone diet Beta-oxidation Ketoacidosis
Ketogenesis
Which of the following statements describes lactic acid? Lactic acid id made under anaerobic conditions. Lactic acid is made from acetyl CoA. lactic acid is a two-carbon molecule. lactic acid is a primary source of energy in the human body
Lactic acid id made under anaerobic conditions.
Angela follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Angela following? Lactoovovegetarian Semivegetarian Ovovegetarian Lactovegetarian
Lactoovovegetarian
The process of ________ occurs when energy is wasted as heat, rather than being converted to ATP. adaptive thermogenesis glycogenolysis ketosis beta-oxidation
adaptive thermogenesis
The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is ________. adipose cell triglycerides muscle glycogen liver glycogen pancreatic triglycerides
adipose cell triglycerides
The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process. aerobic anaerobic
aerobic
Each of the following is characteristic of a ketogenic diet except _______. low in fat moderate to low in protein very low in carbohydrate
low in fat
____________ is a severe form of undernutrition that occurs when a person experiences extreme weight loss due to lack of nutrients and energy in the diet. marasmus celiac disease measles kwashiorkor
marasmus
juan has been suffering from a viral infection for over a week. as a result of the illness, he has a fever and has lost his appetite. based on this information, his body is in __________ nitrogen balance. negative facilitated positive deactivated
negative
High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of________. nutrigenomics nutrigenetics nutrifanatics nutripronomics
nutrigenomics
which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins? amylase cholecystokinin trypsin bile
trypsin
What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis? 2 4 30 32
2
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true? Kwashiorkor is most common in developing countries. Kwashiorkor often develops in toddlers when their mother gives birth to another child. Kwashiorkor results from consuming adequate energy, but insufficient high-quality protein. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
________ involves metabolic reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones. Anabolism Catabolism Edentualism Polymorphism
Anabolism
Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell? Anaerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism release about the same amount of energy.
Anaerobic metabolism
Which of the following is an example of catabolic pathway? Beta-oxidation Glycogenesis lipogenesis protein synthesis
Beta-oxidation
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses? Carrots and celery Wheat and shellfish Peanuts and other nuts Fish and shellfish
Carrots and celery
________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage. Cirrhosis of the liver Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes BAC
Cirrhosis of the liver
Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver? Cortisol Insulin Cholecystokinin Gastrin
Cortisol
instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's _____. plasma membrane golgi apparatus DNA ribosomes
DNA
Which of the following statements is true? Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition. In the UnitedStates, teenagers have the greatest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Compared tochildren in other parts of the world, impoverished children in the UnitedStates have the highest risk of protein-energy malnutrition. Protein-energy malnutrition affects babies while they are breastfeeding.
Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.
Which of the following metabolic hormones stimulates lipolysis in the adipose tissue? Epinephrine Insulin Secretin Estrogen
Epinephrine
________ contains riboflavin and can pick up two hydrogen ions and two electrons. FAD NAD TPP Coenzyme A
FAD
________ can be broken down through the process of glycogenolysis to help replenish a person's blood glucose levels. Liver glycogen Muscle glycogen Liver and muscle glycogen Liver, muscle, and pancreatic glycogen
Liver glycogen
Bernard recently started following an exclusively plant-based diet. What is a possible concern to following such a diet? Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium High intake of vitamins C and E Low intake of saturated fats High intake of phytochemicals
Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium
Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid? Methionine Alanine Cysteine Serine
Methionine
ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles? Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum lysosome
Mitochondrion
A deficiency of which of the following vitamins would impair the ability of cells in the body to convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA? Niacin Folate Vitamin D Vitamin C
Niacin
________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome. Nutrigenomics Nutrigenetics Personalized nutrition Genetics
Nutrigenomics
cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. based of this info, cameron has _____________. PKU amino acid toxicity syndrome cystic fibrosis IBD
PKU
________ is a component of coenzyme A. Pantothenic acid Niacin Folate Thiamin
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following plant foods is considered a source of complete protein? Quinoa Peanut butter Almonds Whole-wheat crackers
Quinoa
A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during ________. aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell anaerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell aerobic metabolism when there isn't sufficient oxygen present in the cell both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell
Leanora has poorly controlled type 1 diabetes. which of the following is a sign that Leanora's body is in the potentially life-threatening condition ketoacidosis? Excessive thirst fruity breath nausea and vomiting all of these choices are correct
all of these choices are correct
Proteins ________. are comprised of amino acids have phosphorus in their chemical structures provide 7 kcal/g are stored as glycogen in the body
are comprised of amino acids
during starvation, the body ________. begins to rely more on fatty acids for energy relies most significantly on protein for energy secretes hormones that inhibit ketogenesis increases glycogenesis
begins to rely more on fatty acids for energy
A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed. fatty acid carbonskeleton dipeptidefragment ribonucleotide
carbon skeleton
Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________. catabolic anabolic dynamic metaphysic
catabolic
When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________. cystic fibrosis celiac disease irritable bowel syndrome colon cancer
celiac disease
A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________. lying down after meals eating foods that contain phenylalanine consuming foods that contain gluten taking dietary supplements that contain homocysteine
consuming foods that contain gluten
consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to __________. dehydration Alzheimer's disease arthritis stroke
dehydration
_______ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and , as a result, the molecule loses its usual function, hydrogenation protonation denaturation filtration
denaturation
An amino acid does not contain a(n)________. fatty acid group acid group amino group carbon skeleton
fatty acid group
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? glycolysis is an anaerobic process. glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria of cells. glycolysis results in a net gain of 6 ATP The end product of glycolysis is Acetyl CoA
glycolysis is an anaerobic process.
Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule ________. is comprised of glucose units has nitrogen in its chemical structure provides more energy has three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
has nitrogen in its chemical structure
Fat cells contain the enzyme ________, which facilitates the process of lipolysis. hormone sensitive lipase insulin coritsol fatty tissue lipase
hormone sensitive lipase
In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase and intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid and pepsin mucus and cholecystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acid and pepsin
In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein. gastric lipase andintrinsic factor hydrochloric acidand pepsin mucus andcholecystokinin pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor
hydrochloric acidand pepsin
All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways except ___________. insulin glucagon epinephrine cortisol
insulin
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a/an _______ process. irreversible reversible
irreversible
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________. peptide bond fatty acid chain glycosidic linkage partially-hydrogenated protein
peptide bond
jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. based on this information, his body is in __________ nitrogen balance. positive activated inverted negative
positive
Exclusively plant-based diets may not supply enough ________ to meet a child's needs. fiber vitamin C protein sodium
protein
Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________. pyruvate oxaloacetate acetyl CoA fructose
pyruvate
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle? Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Cytochrome C Glucose
pyruvate
hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form quaternary primary secondary tertiary
quaternary
Which of the following is NOT considered a major function of proteins in the human body? synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen synthesis of clotting compounds in blood synthesis of certain hormones as enzymes to speed chemical reactions
synthesis and storage of muscle glycogen
Compared to a diet that provides fewer plant foods, a plant-based diet typically provides more ______. saturated fat cholesterol vitamin b-12 vitamin c
vitamin c
Which of the following can be metabolized for energy by human cells? Alcohol Vitamins Minerals Water
Alcohol
Cole was told by his healthcare provider that he has metabolic syndrome. Which of the following can occur as a result of metabolic syndrome? Insulin resistance Increased insulin secretion Increased breakdown of glycogen from the liver to replenish blood glucose levels All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of a food allergy? Hives Vomiting and/or diarrhea Swollen lips All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
What happens when levels of limiting amino acids are insufficient in the diet? Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid cannot be made Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid end up being shorter than normal No new body proteins can be made There is no effect on protein synthesis
Body proteins containing the limiting amino acid cannot be made
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of celiac disease? Heartburn Abdominal bloating Chronic diarrhea Weight loss
Heartburn
