Ch 7- Axial Skeleton

Mandible

lower jaw

provides levers against which muscles pull (on a vertebra)

spinous and transverse process

Ethmoid

superior and medial nasal conchae formed from its projections

Kyphosis

"hunchback" may reflect tuberculosis or the spine, rickets, or osteomalacia

condyles here articulate with the atlas

Occipital

Scientific name for "false ribs"

vertebrochondral ribs

Scientific name for "true ribs"

vertebrosternal ribs

site of mental foramen

Mandible

middle ear found here

Temporal

site of the mastoid process

Temporal

Zygomatic

cheekbone

What is the orbit?

eye socket

Name the four major sutures of the skull

coronal, sagittal, lamboid, and squamous

Frontal Bone

forehead bone

Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone of the cranial floor?

it forms a central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones

Palatine

posterior bones of the hard palate

What is a herniated disc?

rupture of the anulus fibrous followed by protrusion of the spongy nucleus pulposes through the anulus

A-body I-vertebral foremen E- spinous process G-transverse process H-vertebral arch

Correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram.

Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop?

The "secondary" curvatures, the compensatory curvatures, occur with normal development. (Normal development is the condition under which they occur) These are the cervical curvature, which develops first with infant head lifting and the lumbar curvature, which develops next sitting up. These curvatures prepare the spine for ambulation.

nasal septum

Vomer and/or Ethmoid

The major components of the thorax are the

vertebral column, ribs, & sternum

Scientific name for "floating ribs"

vertebral ribs

body of the vertebra

weight bearing portion of the vertebra

provides an articulation point for the ribs (on a vertabra)

body & transverse process

structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

body & vertebral arch

Nasal

bridge of nose

allows the head to nod yes

atlas

Lordasis

"swayback" possible tuberculosis or osteomalacia

Scoliosis

"twisted disease" common in girls in late childhood

Is a floating rib true or false rib?

A free floating rib is neither a true rib or a false rib. Ribs 1-7 are considered "true" because they are directly attached to the sternum by individual coastal cartilages. Ribs 8-10 are considered "false" ribs because they are indirectly attached to the sternum by common coastal cartilage. Ribs 11 and 12 are considered "free floating because they are neither directly or indirectly attached to the sternum. Instead they end posterior abdominal musculature. They are still capped with cartilage though.

bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb" or crista galli

Ethmoid

site of cribriform plate

Ethmoid

Name the four bones that contain the paranasal sinuses

Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxilla, and Sphenoid

Name the bones that make up the Cranium. (From The Ocean, Piranhas Sleep Easily)

Frontal Temporals (2) Occipital Parietals (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid

small U-shaped bone in neck, where many tongue muscles attach

Hyoid

curvature 1: CERVICAL curvature 2: THORACIC curvature 3: LUMBAR curvature 4: SACRAL

Identify the 4 curvatures in the spine

A-frontal sinus B-mandibular foramen

Identify the areas noted

A-Ethmoid sinus B-Sphenoid sinus C-Maxillary sinus D-Frontal sinus

Identify the different sinuses

d- costal catilage e- xipheisternal joint f- floating ribs g- xiphoid process h- body i- sternal angle j- manubrium k- clavicular notch l- jugular notch

Identify the landmarks of the bony thorax

a-true ribs b-false ribs c-sternum

Identify the regions of the bony thorax

a-Atlas b-Axis c-Intervertebral disc d-Two thoracic vertebrae e-Two lumbar vertebrae f-Sacrum g-Vertebra prominens

Identify the structures of the vertebral column pictured: vertebra prominens, axis, two thoracic vertebrae, sacrum, two lumbar vertebrae, atlas, intervertebral disc

CERVICAL vertebra type A-body B-transverse processes C-superior articular processes D-spinous process

Identify vertebrae type and the body, spinous process, superior articular processes, and transverse processes.

THORACIC vertebra type A- transverse process B-spinous process C-body D-superior articular processes

Identify vertebrae type and the body, spinous process, superior articular processes, and transverse processes.

Name the bones that make up the Facial bones. (MAN, MAX Zips Noisily aLong Veering IN and out of People)

Mandible Maxillillae Zygomatic bones Nasal bones Lacrimal bones Vomer Inferior nasal conchae Palatine

contains alveoli bearing teeth

Mandible and Maxilla

With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception

Mandible-connected by a freely movable joint

Foramen magnum contained here

Occipital

site of sella turcica

Sphenoid

Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column

Spinal nerves (motor axons) exit the vertebral column via the ventral root (where they synapse on motor neuron ganglia) then the ventral horn. Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the dorsal horn, synapse on the dorsal ganglia and enter the spinal cord.

Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib.

a true rib is attached to cartilage that directly articulates with the sternum

Name 2 possible functions for the sinuses

acts as resonance chambers for speech, helps warm and humidify the air, lightens the skull

a circle of bone that articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles

atlas

Maxilla

anterior part of the hard palate

vertebral foramen

cavity enclosing the nerve cord

fused rudimentary tailbone

coccyx

What is the general shape of the thoracic cage?

cone-shaped

What if a Cleft Palate?

congenital abnormality where the right and left halves of the palate fail to fuse medially

What bones are connected by the squamous suture?

connects the parietal & bones on each side of the skull

What bones are connected by the lamboid suture?

connects the parietal & temporal with the occipital bone

Name 2 factors/structures that allow for flexibility of the vertebral column

curvatures & intervertebral discs

What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit?

frontal bone, maxilla, lacrimal, ethnoid, sphenoid, palatine, zygomatic

Define "suture"

immovable fibrous joint

openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

intervertebral foramina

thickest centrum with short blunt spinous processes

lumbar vertebrae

Occipital

most posterior part of the cranium

Parietal

much of the lateral and superior cranium

Sphenoid

single, irregular, bat shaped bone forming part of the cranial floor

What are the 3 major components of the Axial Skeleton?

skull, vertebral, and bony thorax

Name the major components of the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral, bony thorax

Which 2 spinal curvatures are obvious at birth?

thoracic & sacral

These bones have articular facets for the ribs

thoracic vertebrae

Lacrimal

tiny bones bearing tear ducts