CH. 7 Bone Structure and Function

compact bone makes of ________ of bone mass

80%

a fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specifically called a

Pott fracture

which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system

ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix decreases, tensile strength of bone decreases

glucocorticoids are released from the

adrenal cortex

growth along the periphery of cartilage is called __________ growth

appositional

a bones growth in diameter is called

appositional growth

calcium is required for

blood clotting, initiation of muscle contraction, stimulation of the heart

________ connective tissue contains osteoblasts and osteocytes

bone

in bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a

bony callus

depressed displaced epiphyseal impacted

broken part of the bone forms a concavity fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate one fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other

_____ is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on childrens blood calcium levels

calcitonin

which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity

calcitonin

tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called

canaliculi

spongy bone is also called

cancellous bone

place the following steps in order to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage

chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis, two cells occupy one lacuna, two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix

an osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature _______ bone

compact

what does letter a represent

compact bone

flat bones have surfaces composed of ____ bone with internally placed _____ bone

compact; spongy

the external surface of short bones consists of ____ bone while the interior consists of _____ bone

compact; spongy

avulsion comminuted complete compression

complete severing of body part bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts bone is broken into two or more pieces bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall

in a _______ fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin

compound

rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called

concentric lamellae

bone is a type of _________ tissue

connective

cartilage is what type of tissue

connective tissue

ligaments and tendons are made of

dense regular connective tissue

the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its

diaphysis

the primary ossification center is located in the _________ of a long bone

diaphysis

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through _______________ ossification

endochondral

the type of ossification that begins with a hyaline cartilage model is ________ ossification

endochondral

name the structure labeled in a

endosteum

which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal line

the region of cartilage between the diaphysis and an epiphysis of a long bone during endochondral ossification is called the

epiphyseal plate

the secondary ossification centers form in the _______ of long bones

epiphyses

the expanded end of a long bone is called the

epiphysis

identify the structure marked letter a

flat bone

order the stages of fracture repair

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, bone is remodeled

Breaks in bones are called

fractures

bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a _________ for the entire body

framework

during bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ____ hormone

growth

which hormone stimulates that liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation

growth hormone

which organs are protected by bones

heart, lungs, brain, reproductive organs

a blood clot within a bone fracture is called a fracture

hematoma

the process of blood cell production is called

hemopoiesis

the blue regions of the picture are made of

hyaline cartilage

place the following steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order

hyaline cartilage model develops, periosteal bone collar forms, primary ossification center appears, secondary ossification centers appear, epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal lines

bone b, in the picture provided, is classified as a(n) ________ bone

irregular

based on shape, bones that have elaborate, complex shapes are classified as

irregular bones

which statements are true of hyaline cartilage

is avascular, contain chondroblasts

which of the following characterize bone remodeling

it can be stimulated by stress on a bone, it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone, it helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids

which statements describe an osteon

it contains a central canal, it runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone, it is also called a haversian system, it is microscopic

which statements characterize endosteum

it contains osteoclasts, it contains osteoblasts, it is active during bone repair, it lines medullary cavities

which statements characterize periosteum

it covers the outer surface of the diaphysis of a long bone, it helps to heal bone fractures, it functions to anchor blood vessels to the surface of bones, it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, it helps to heal bone fractures

which statements characterize articular cartilage

it is composed of hyaline cartilage, it functions to reduce friction in joints, it covers an epiphysis

which statements characterize woven bone

it is replaced by lamellar bone, it is formed during intramembranous ossification, it is not well organized

which statement describes compact bone

it is solid and relatively close

which statements characterize the functions of cartilage

it provides a model for the formation of bones, it supports soft tissues, it covers the ends of long bones

chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae

in intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

lamellar bone

bones of the skeleton function as a system of ___________ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract

levers

based on shape, the most common type of bone is the

long bone

bone a in the picture provided is classified as a

long bone

choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification

maxilla, flat bones of the skull, mandible

the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

medullary cavity

the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the

metaphysis

another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

letter c in the figure provided represents a __________ artery of bone

nutrient

which blood vessel supplies the diaphysis of a long bone

nutrient artery

which tissue types are found in bones

osseous connective tissue, blood, nervous tissue

the formation and development of bone is

ossification

the process of bone formation is called

ossification

when osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called

osteocytes

decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis

Greenstick Linear Oblique Transverse

partial fracture, convex side of bone breaks and the other side is bent Fracture is parallel to the long axis of bone Diagonal fracture at an angle between linear and transverse Fracture at right angles to the long axis of the bone

a ______ fracture occurs in bone that has been weakened by disease

pathologic

which are true of rickets

patients have bowed legs, occurs during childhood, caused by a vitamin d deficiency

match the letters to their corresponding microscopic parts of bone indicated in the figure provided

perforating canal, central canal, periosteum, trabeculae, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae

the bone part labeled in b in the figure is

periosteum

the mineral called ________ is stored by the bone and is needed for atp utilization among other things

phosphate

the region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the _____ ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation

primary

osteoprogenitor cells

produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast, are stem cells

which is a function of bone

protection of organs

the epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the _______ epiphysis

proximal

the bone part labeled a in the figure is the

proximal epiphysis

place the zones of an epiphyseal plate in their correct order

resting cartilage, proliferating, hypertrophic, calcified, ossifaction

in endochondral ossification, ________ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones

secondary

which are examples of flat bones

shoulder blade bones, the breastbone, bones of the roof of the skull

which are examples of short bones

some bones of the foot, bones of the wrist

this micrograph shows the microscopic arrangement of

spongy bone

place the following steps in order to summarize appositional growth of cartilage

stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis, committed cells become condroblasts, new matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage

the role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to

stimulate osteoblasts and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

a fracture which is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads is called a

stress fracture

functions of bone inlclude

support, mineral storage, blood cell formation, protection

osteoprogenitor cells are located in

the endosteum, the periosteum

long bones include

the thigh bone, the bones of the palm, the bones of the fingers

Which statements characterize osteoclasts

they are phagocytic, they have ruffled borders, they reabsorb bone matrix

which statements characterize central canals of osteons

they contain blood vessels, they are a cylindrical channel, they contain nerves

which statements characterize osteocytes

they reside in lacunae, they maintain bone matrix, they detect mechanical stress on bone

Bone growth begins during embryologic development

true

by age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and length wise bone growth has stopped

true

which is an example of an irregular bone

vertebrae