Ch 7 sleep/dreams/drugs
In what stage do alpha waves occur?
Between the awake, relaxed stage and stage 1 sleep
What are sleep spindles
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brainwave activity
What are risks associated with sleep deprivation?
Depressed immune system, impaired concentration, and greater vulnerability to accidents
Cognitive theory
Dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding
information-processing
Dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memorize
Freud's wish-fulfillment
Dreams provide a "psychic safety value" - expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content a hidden meaning
What can alter consciousness?
Hypnosis and drugs
What does methamphetamine do?
It stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Activation-synthesis
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories
Physiological function
Regular brian stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
In what stage do you experience hallucinations?
Stage 1 sleep
What do depressants do?
They calm neural activity and slow body functions
What do opiates do?
They depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
What do barbiturates do?
They depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
What do stimulants do?
They excite neural activity and speed up body functions
What do amphetamines do?
They stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood change
What is information-processing?
We process a lot of information outside our awareness but registering and reacting to stimuli we do not consciously perceive
What is our attentional spotlight?
When our conscious focuses our concentration
The experience of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by: a. LSD. b. heroin. c. Nembutal. d. amphetamines.
a. LSD
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by: a. decreasing REM sleep. b. increasing anxiety. c. decreasing sleep apnea. d. increasing self-consciousness.
a. decreasing REM sleep
The activation-synthesis theory provides a physiological explanation for: a. dreaming. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. hypnosis.
a. dreaming
Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content. a. manifest b. latent c. dissociated d. paradoxical e. delusional
a. manifest
Bright light inhibits our feelings of sleepiness by influencing the production of: a. melatonin. b. dopamine. c. MDMA. d. THC.
a. melatonin
Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by: a. oxygen deprivation. b. dehydration. c. narcolepsy. d. sleep apnea.
a. oxygen deprivation
Dr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from...? a. sleep apnea b. narcolepsy c. insomnia d. night terrors e. aphasia
a. sleep apnea
Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to...? a. viral infections b. sleep apnea c. insomnia d. night terrors e. dissociation
a. viral infections
Research most clearly disputes claims of: a. REM rebound. b. age regression. c. circadian rhythms. d. hypnagogic sensations.
b. age regression
Dr. Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and their deficient dopamine reward circuits. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors. a. suprachiasmatic b. biopsychosocial c. parallel processing d. activation-synthesis
b. biopsychosocial
The large, slow brain waves associated with Stage 4 sleep are called: a. sleep spindles. b. delta waves. c. alpha waves. d. REMs.
b. delta waves
Neuroadaptation most clearly contributes to: a. narcolepsy. b. drug tolerance. c. animal magnetism. d. hypnagogic sensations.
b. drug tolerance
Narcolepsy is associated with a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces: a. adenosine. b. hypocretin. c. melatonin. d. THC.
b. hypocretin
Research on addictive drugs most clearly indicates that: a. the medical use of morphine to control pain typically leads to addiction. b. most of America's ex-smokers were able to kick the habit on their own. c. addictions to narcotic drugs can't be overcome without professional treatment programs. d. relationship dependencies have the same addictive characteristics as drug dependencies.
b. most of America's ex-smokers were able to kick the habit on their own.
Those who complain of insomnia typically _______ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept. a. underestimate; overestimate b. overestimate; underestimate c. underestimate; underestimate d. overestimate; overestimate
b. overestimate; underestimate
The greatest proportion of our sleep time is ________ sleep. a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 4 d. REM
b. stage 2
The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates....? a. narcolepsy b. withdrawal c. REM rebound d. dissociation e. sleep apnea
b. withdrawal
The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug best illustrates: a. narcolepsy. b. withdrawal. c. REM rebound. d. dissociation.
b. withdrawl
tinction between manifest content and latent content is central to ________ theory of dreams. a. the activation-synthesis b. the memory consolidation c. Freud's wish-fulfillment d. Hilgard's dissociation
c. Freud's wish-fulfillment
Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. cocaine d. barbiturates
c. cocaine
According to Freud, the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its: a. manifest content. b. dissociated content. c. latent content. d. hallucinatory content.
c. latent content
After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has: a. reduced his sexual desire. b. destroyed some of his brain cells. c. reduced his self awareness. d. directed his attention to the future. e. increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal.
c. reduced his self-awareness
Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with ________ sleep. a. Stage 2 b. Stage 3 c. Stage 4 d. REM
c. stage 4
Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to: a. weight loss. b. increased creativity. c. suppression of the immune system. d. decreased blood pressure.
c. suppression of the immune system
Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on: a. narcolepsy. b. sleep apnea. c. the circadian rhythm. d. seasonal affective disorder.
c. the circadian rhythm
A recurring sleep stage during which most vivid dreams commonly occur is known as ________ sleep. a. Stage 2 b. Stage 3 c. Stage 4 d. REM
d. REM
The five-stage sleep cycle provides an example of: a. sleep apnea. b. dissociation. c. serial processing. d. biological rhythms.
d. biological rhythms
Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? a. night terrors b. insomnia c. sleepwalking d. narcolepsy e. sleep apnea
d. narcolepsy
Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant...? a. marijuana b. morphine c. alcohol d. nicotine e. LSD
d. nicotine
A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers best illustrates the importance of: a. dualism. b. REM rebound. c. biological rhythms. d. parallel processing.
d. parallel processing
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of... a. narcolepsy b. psychological reactance c. dissociation d. physical dependence e. REM rebound
d. physical dependence
Which of the following sleep disorders is most strongly associated with obesity? a. narcolepsy b. insomnia c. night terrors d. sleep apnea
d. sleep apnea
Evidence that burst of rapid eye movements during REM sleep coincide with bursts of activity in the visual cortex is most directly supportive of: a. social influence theory. b. dissociation theory. c. Freud's dream theory. d. the activation-synthesis theory.
d. the activation-synthesis theory
It has been found that night terrors: a. are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence. b. are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis. c. jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness. d. typically occur during Stage 4 sleep.
d. typically occur during Stage 4 sleep.
The simultaneous processing of information on many parallel tracks is most closely associated with: a. REM rebound. b. sleep apnea. c. narcolepsy. d. unconscious mental activity.
d. unconscious mental activity
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of...? a. sleeptalking b. hypnagogic sensations c. muscle tension d. REM sleep 3. Stage 4 sleep
d.REM sleep
First in stage 3 and increasingly in stage 4, what does your brain admit?
delta waves
Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as _____ sleep is to _____ sleep. a. REM; Stage 1 b. Stage 1; REM c. REM; Stage 2 d. Stage 2; REM e. REM; Stage 4
e. REM; Stage 4
Alpha waves are associated with? a. REM sleep b. Stage 2 sleep c. Stage 3 sleep d. Stage 4 sleep e. a relaxed but awake state
e. a relaxed but awake state
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
What are delta waves?
large, slow brain wars associated with deep sleep
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep. A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
What happens to the muscles during REM sleep?
the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
Alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
What happens during Stage 2 sleep?
you have the periodic appearance of sleep spindles and you sleep-talk
Which of the following is true of alcohol? a. in large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant b. in large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant c. in large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant d. in large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant e. in large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant
...IDK SORRY
About every ____ minutes we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
90
What do psychoactive drugs do?
A chemical substance that alter a persons perceptions and mood
Night terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and seldom remembered
Sleep apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakening
narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
manifest content
According to Freud the remembered story line of a dream
latent content
According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety value