Ch. 7- The age of Jefferson
War of 1812: declaration of war
Britain delayed over neutrality rights, war hawks pressured, persuaded Madison into declaring war. British actually agreed to suspend naval blockade before.
To what extent does the Burr controversy illustrate insanity?
Burr blamed Hamilton for everything that has gone wrong
Trial for Treason
Burr planned to take in Spanish and Louisiana to form a new union under his rule -> Jefferson accused him of treason but the Supreme court aquitted him
Federalist Conspiracy
Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804, unite the state with New England States, secede from the nation, was defeated, fell apart
Explain why Burr was not guilty of treason in Marshall's view
Burr wasn't guilty of treason because the witnesses on both Hamilton and Burr sides, said they didn;t know what happened
southern campaign
Change in British strategy after Saratoga to exploit a supposedly loyalist South by Lord General Sir Charles Cornwallis beginning in Charleston and ending at Yorktown.
The treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
The election of 1800
Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.
To waht extent does the Burr controversy illustrate conflict over politics?
Jefferson didn't want the runner up to be vice president
What were the consequences of Jefferson's Presidency?
The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the U.S., removed a European presence from the nation's borders and extended the Mississippi. It increased Jeffersons popularity and showed the federalists to be weak party
War of 1812: Free seas and Trade
(1812-1814) between the U.S. and England which was trying to interfere w/ American made w/ France
John Marshall
American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.
Naval battles
American privateers captured numerous British merchant ships. 9 vessels of the U.S. Navy defeated and captured 6 vessels of the British Royal Navy
War of 1812: Frontier pressures
Americans in west wanted lands helo by British and Spanish conflicts with Native Americans pushed Americans west
Military defeats and Naval Victories
1. Napolean's continues success in Europe 2. U.S. land campaign against Canada
What evidence from Jefferson's first term supports the Quids' assertion that he had abandoned the Democratic-Republican party?
1. Tried to block the federal judges appointed by Adams 2. repealed Alien Sedition acts and released those failed under them
The War's Legacy
1. US gained respect of other nations 2. US accepts Canada as part of Brit empire 3. Federalist party came to an end as a national force and even declined in NE 4. Talk of nullification and secession in NE set a precedent 5. American Indians were forced to surrender to white settlement 6. With the British naval blockade limiting euro goods, US factories were built and Americans moved toward industrial self-sufficiency 7. War heroes would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders(Jskcson and Harrison) 8. increase in nationalism
In what ways did the new republic grow and change?
1. increased suffrage 2. reformed schools, prisons, and asylums 3. developed art 4. developed literature 5. developed philosophy 6. market economy emerged 7. advances in industry & transportation 8. expanded borders & trade
In what ways did the new republic experience increased conflict?
1. most immigrants attracted by new opportunities 2. rights for the common man excluded American Indians, African Americans, and Women 3. efforts to improve life succeeded for many but not those enslaved 4. compromise of 1850
After being elected, what did Thomas Jefferson do to reduce the influence of 'big government' Federalists?
1. repealed the Alien Sedition acts 2. ended the whiskey acts 3.reduced the number to cut costs
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Macon's Bill No. 2
1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Aaron Burr
A democratic-republican caucus (closed meeting) in 1804 decided to not nominate Burr for a 2nd term. Burr then emabarked on a series of ventures on of which threatened to break up the Union and another of which resulted in death of Alexander Hamilton.
The war of 1812
A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.
France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did they lose it?
France & Britain made a treaty and because France lost the French and Indian war, the treaty said that all the land went back to Britain
Election of 1812
James Madison wins because the majority wanted a war with Britian (War Hawks) and did not want to change presidents in the middle of a war
Negotiations
Jefferson sent ministers to France with instructions to offer up to $10 million for both New Orleans and a strip of land extending from that port eastward to Florida
Judicial Impeachments
Jefferson suspended Alien and Sedition Acts, Jefferson impeached federal judges, Samuel Chase was impeached but Senate ruled it down, almost all Federalist judges remained in office
Jefferson's reelection
Jefferson's 2nd term was marked by growing difficulties. There were plots by his former vice president, Aaron Burr; opposition by a faction of his own party (the "Quids"), who accused him of abandoning Democratic-Republican principles; and foreign troubles from the Naopleonic wars in Europe
Embargo Act of 1807
Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships
Commercial warfare
Madison used diplomacy and economic pressuer to react, eventually forced to war
The Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence
Napoleaon's Deception
Napolean told America he would be neutral, Jefferson believed it and embargoed trade with Britain, French continued deceiving ways
Challenges to U.S. neutrality
Napoleonic Wars dominated Europe, France and Britain attempted to blockade enemy ports, seized neutral ships and confiscated cargoes, Britain was chief offender,
Opposition to the War of 1812
New England merchants, federalist politicians, Quids, merchants opposed because European war made them big profits, protestant ties made them more sympathetic to British, Quids criticized the war because it violated ideas of limited federal power
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Period of court ruling from 1801 to 1835; shaped interpretation of Constitution (loose); strengthened judicial branch; increased power of federal government over state; support of economic activity
Barbary Pirates
Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
Nonintercourse act of 1809
Replaced the Embargo Act. Lifted the stop of trade to foreign countries EXCEPT France and England. Led to the war of 1812.
Causes of the war of 1812
These included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).
Invasion of Canada
U.S. forces invaded, launched 3-point attack (one at Detroit, one at Niagra, and one at Lake Champlain), British easily repelled them, burning of the capitol at York influenced the British
Duel with Alexander Hamilton
angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton, Burr challenged his to a duel and fatally shot him. Hamilton's death in 1804, deprived the federalists at their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many
Difficulties abroad
as a matter of policy and principle, Jefferson tried to avoid war. Rejecting permanent alliances, he sought to maintain U.S. neutrality despite increasing provocations
"Historical Perspectives: What caused political parties?". What are the two prevailing views on why parties formed in the early republic?
at first Federalists and Anti-federalists, factions arose in the various state ratifying conventions as people debated the merits and pitfalls of the proposed constitution. 2nd stage was the initial years of the new federal government
Madison's presidency
composed 1st drafts of constitution, Jefferson and him founded democratic-republican party, Thomas's Secretary of State, led US to the war of 1812
The case of Marbury v. Madison 1803
established the principle of judicial review
Lewis and Clark Expedition
improved relationship with Native Americans. Led to stronger U.S. claims to the Oregon territory; greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed. Many angry and humiliated Americans called for war.
Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called "the second war for independence"?
it was the second time the U.S. was fighting for their independence
War of 1812: war hawks
known by this because of their eagerness of war with Britain. Led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (South Carolina). The war hawk congressmen argued that war with Britain
Jefferson's Presidency
maintained national bank and debt-repayment plan of Hamilton. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed excise taxes (whiskey), and lowered the national debt
Constitutional Predicament
most Americans approved of the purchase but Jefferson was a strict constructionist, no clause stated presidents could purchase foreign land, Jefferson was determinded to get it, submitted purchase agreement as part of president's powers for treaties
a divided nation
neither congress no the American people were united in support of the war. In Congress, Pennsylvania and Vermont joined the southern and western states to provide a slight majority for the war declaration. Voting against the war were most representatives from New York, New Jersey, and the rest of the states in New England
Chesapeake Campaign
the British landed in Chesapeake in August 1814 & set on to Blandensburg where the American militia fled, & then set fire to the capitol; afterwards they went to Baltimore but were beaten back by defenders at Fort McHenry; the memory of this was kept alive when Francis Scott Key made "The Star-Spangled Banner"
How did the Louisiana Purchase impact migration?
the purchase doubled the size of the U.S., gave the country complete control of the port of New Orleans and provided terrifory for Westward Expansion
U.S. interest in the Mississippi River
the western frontier extended beyond Ohio & Kentucky into the Indiana territory. Jefferson feared that as long as a foreign power controlled the river at New Orleans, the United States risked entanglement in European affairs
Was the United States justified in declaring war against Great Britain? Why or why not?
yes because Britain used us by telling us whom we can trade with and what we can produce
