ch 8 inquizitive

involves ranking outcomes as better or worse

decision making

involves selection among alternatives

decision making

brain area for language production

Broca's area

this is the mean or average score IQ test

100

about 16 percent of people score higher than this on IQ test

115

about 2.3 percent of the population score lower than this

70

herb understood everything that was said, but he could not speak

Broca's aphasia

example of what? Jose has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, them review them. then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion

create subgoals

skill at reacting to new situations by thinking in original and interesting ways

creative intelligence

are passed from parents to children

creoles

are well developed languages in their own right

creoles

knowledge and use of knowledge

crystallized intelligence

brain area for language comprephension

Wernicke's area

the use of standardized tests to assess current levels of skill and knowledge

achievement tests

example of what? A music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day.

affect as information

example of what? a music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day

affect as information

emotional satisfaction

affective

example of what? dan chooses the job that allows him to live in the countryside, thinking he will be happier there

affective

an investor's gamble on technology stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be

affective forecasting

example of what? an investor's gamble on a tch stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be.

affective forecasting

one may attach too much importance to how certain outcome would make him feel

affective forecasting

example of symbolic representations

an equation for a math problem the ingredient list in a recipe

example of what? before a wrestling tournament, walter gets pumped up by envisioning himself beating his toughest opponent

analogical

skill at puzzle solving and other academic challenges

analytical intelligence

evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information

anchoring

example of what? of two job applicants, Ramsey hires the one who made a better first impression, even though her interview answers were not as good as those of the other applicant

anchoring

example of what? the clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison.

anchoring

example of what?the real estate agent describes an apartment as spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer upper kitchen

anchoring

the use of standardized tests to predict future performance

aptitude tests

based on information most easily or quickly retrieved

availability

example of what? larry did not know hy he voted for the person running for student senate, but the candidate he voted for had posted signs all over campus

availability

one may make a hasty decision based on information frequently heard or seen, without gathering more information that may be more accurate

availability

making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently

availability heuristic

begin as a mixture of two or more established languages

both creoles and pidgins

example of what? skylar finds a hidden apartment key by following the instructions from a voicemail he memorized

both symbolic and analogical

example of what? a grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another

categorization

a group of things with one or more shared properties

category

example of what? Lou considers himself in good shape, He thinks of his days as a college athlete and his abstinence from junk food, and doesn't pay attention to how his clothes are getting tighter

confirmation bias

any member of a category

exemplar

example of what? Even though Joe had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat- as opposed to a dog- since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory.

exemplar model

example of what? Stacie travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.

finding an analogy

flexibility and novelty in thinking

fluid intelligence

decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized

framing

example of what? Feng buys a messenger bag marked down from 89 to 69 after passing up a chance last month to buy it for 65

framing

example of what? a dating app CEO, is hoping to get venture capital funding, says that this site is used by 20% of San Fran singles.

framing

example of what?a professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in

framing

one may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described

framing

high overall intelligence

g factor

example of what? After Shawna is dumped by her boyfriend, her friends list things he did that revealed the relationship was in trouble, when in reality they had not seen the breakup coming.

hindsight bias

read aloud to her baby the mom

incorrect syntax

example of what? Brian an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment

insight

sudden understanding of the solution

insight

the abilitiy to reason, to make decisions, to make sense of events, and to adapt to environmental challenges

intelligence

example of what? mazine held out for a high-prestige job. She spends much of her spare time networking and looking for an even better position. Maxine could be described as a __________.

maximizer

smallest until of meaning in language

morphemes

the units of "psych-" and "-ology"

morphemes

example of what? Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog.

restructuring a problem

example of what? serena took the first full time job she was offered. She makes enough to get by and has time for volunteer work. Serena could be described as a __________.

satisfier

example of what? Mike keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually he checks in his pocket and finds them

overcoming a mental state

Duncker's box and candle problem

overcoming functional fixedness

example of what? Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.

overcoming functional fixedness

basic sounds of speech

phonemes

the sounds "s", "i", "ch", "ol", "o", "g" and "ee"

phonemes

lack of consistent grammatical rules

pidgins

skill at judging the size of physical space or at judging people's characters

practical intelligence

involves getting from a present state to a goal state

problem solving

involves obstacles

problem solving

the best, most typical member of a category

prototype

example of what? Young children can quickly identify a crow as a bird, since they think of crows as best representing that concept.

prototype model

the use of standardized tests to measure mental attributes such as intelligence

psychometrics

Similarity to Prototypes

representativeness

example of what? Barb is quiet, shy, and likes to spend time alone, so people are surprised to learn she is an entertainer and not a librarian

representativeness

one may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people

representativeness

making decisions by placing people of objects into categories

representativeness heuristic

Scheerer's nine dot problem

restructuring

meaning of phrases or sentences

semantics

psychology is "sick"

semantics

example of what? a mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blade makes her cringe

somatic marker

example of what? a mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blades makes her cringe

somatic marker

Kohler's chimpanzee with stick experiment

sudden insight

example of what? holly mentally rehearses the explanation she will give her parents for coming home late

symbolic

rules for combing words into sentences

syntax

solve a similar problem

use an analogy

set and achieve mini goals that lead to a larger goal

use subgoals

example of what? June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in a nonsensical sentences

wernicke's aphasia

start with a goal and construct steps that will lead there from the initial state

working backward

example of what? When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.

working backwards