ch 8 inquizitive
involves ranking outcomes as better or worse
decision making
involves selection among alternatives
decision making
brain area for language production
Broca's area
this is the mean or average score IQ test
100
about 16 percent of people score higher than this on IQ test
115
about 2.3 percent of the population score lower than this
70
herb understood everything that was said, but he could not speak
Broca's aphasia
example of what? Jose has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, them review them. then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion
create subgoals
skill at reacting to new situations by thinking in original and interesting ways
creative intelligence
are passed from parents to children
creoles
are well developed languages in their own right
creoles
knowledge and use of knowledge
crystallized intelligence
brain area for language comprephension
Wernicke's area
the use of standardized tests to assess current levels of skill and knowledge
achievement tests
example of what? A music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day.
affect as information
example of what? a music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day
affect as information
emotional satisfaction
affective
example of what? dan chooses the job that allows him to live in the countryside, thinking he will be happier there
affective
an investor's gamble on technology stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be
affective forecasting
example of what? an investor's gamble on a tch stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be.
affective forecasting
one may attach too much importance to how certain outcome would make him feel
affective forecasting
example of symbolic representations
an equation for a math problem the ingredient list in a recipe
example of what? before a wrestling tournament, walter gets pumped up by envisioning himself beating his toughest opponent
analogical
skill at puzzle solving and other academic challenges
analytical intelligence
evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information
anchoring
example of what? of two job applicants, Ramsey hires the one who made a better first impression, even though her interview answers were not as good as those of the other applicant
anchoring
example of what? the clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison.
anchoring
example of what?the real estate agent describes an apartment as spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer upper kitchen
anchoring
the use of standardized tests to predict future performance
aptitude tests
based on information most easily or quickly retrieved
availability
example of what? larry did not know hy he voted for the person running for student senate, but the candidate he voted for had posted signs all over campus
availability
one may make a hasty decision based on information frequently heard or seen, without gathering more information that may be more accurate
availability
making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently
availability heuristic
begin as a mixture of two or more established languages
both creoles and pidgins
example of what? skylar finds a hidden apartment key by following the instructions from a voicemail he memorized
both symbolic and analogical
example of what? a grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another
categorization
a group of things with one or more shared properties
category
example of what? Lou considers himself in good shape, He thinks of his days as a college athlete and his abstinence from junk food, and doesn't pay attention to how his clothes are getting tighter
confirmation bias
any member of a category
exemplar
example of what? Even though Joe had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat- as opposed to a dog- since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory.
exemplar model
example of what? Stacie travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.
finding an analogy
flexibility and novelty in thinking
fluid intelligence
decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized
framing
example of what? Feng buys a messenger bag marked down from 89 to 69 after passing up a chance last month to buy it for 65
framing
example of what? a dating app CEO, is hoping to get venture capital funding, says that this site is used by 20% of San Fran singles.
framing
example of what?a professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in
framing
one may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described
framing
high overall intelligence
g factor
example of what? After Shawna is dumped by her boyfriend, her friends list things he did that revealed the relationship was in trouble, when in reality they had not seen the breakup coming.
hindsight bias
read aloud to her baby the mom
incorrect syntax
example of what? Brian an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment
insight
sudden understanding of the solution
insight
the abilitiy to reason, to make decisions, to make sense of events, and to adapt to environmental challenges
intelligence
example of what? mazine held out for a high-prestige job. She spends much of her spare time networking and looking for an even better position. Maxine could be described as a __________.
maximizer
smallest until of meaning in language
morphemes
the units of "psych-" and "-ology"
morphemes
example of what? Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog.
restructuring a problem
example of what? serena took the first full time job she was offered. She makes enough to get by and has time for volunteer work. Serena could be described as a __________.
satisfier
example of what? Mike keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually he checks in his pocket and finds them
overcoming a mental state
Duncker's box and candle problem
overcoming functional fixedness
example of what? Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.
overcoming functional fixedness
basic sounds of speech
phonemes
the sounds "s", "i", "ch", "ol", "o", "g" and "ee"
phonemes
lack of consistent grammatical rules
pidgins
skill at judging the size of physical space or at judging people's characters
practical intelligence
involves getting from a present state to a goal state
problem solving
involves obstacles
problem solving
the best, most typical member of a category
prototype
example of what? Young children can quickly identify a crow as a bird, since they think of crows as best representing that concept.
prototype model
the use of standardized tests to measure mental attributes such as intelligence
psychometrics
Similarity to Prototypes
representativeness
example of what? Barb is quiet, shy, and likes to spend time alone, so people are surprised to learn she is an entertainer and not a librarian
representativeness
one may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people
representativeness
making decisions by placing people of objects into categories
representativeness heuristic
Scheerer's nine dot problem
restructuring
meaning of phrases or sentences
semantics
psychology is "sick"
semantics
example of what? a mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blade makes her cringe
somatic marker
example of what? a mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blades makes her cringe
somatic marker
Kohler's chimpanzee with stick experiment
sudden insight
example of what? holly mentally rehearses the explanation she will give her parents for coming home late
symbolic
rules for combing words into sentences
syntax
solve a similar problem
use an analogy
set and achieve mini goals that lead to a larger goal
use subgoals
example of what? June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in a nonsensical sentences
wernicke's aphasia
start with a goal and construct steps that will lead there from the initial state
working backward
example of what? When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.
working backwards
