Chapter 13 American Pageant Vocabulary and Questions

6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?

Andrew Jackson and his supporters told the people of the north that the should increase the tariff. The manufactures hoped and believed it wouldn't happen.. Eventually it did.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Anglos

White English Speaking, non-Latinos; some Chicanos believed that these people stole their land and heritage

Inaugural Brawl

people from the masses came to the inauguration of Old Hickory (Jackson) common folk were looking for prestigious political office from the people's man

Moses Austin

persuaded the Spanish Governor of Texas to give him a land grant in which to settle 300 families.

Trail of Tears

In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

Spoils System

"rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process. 7th president.

Mandate

(n.) an authoritative command, formal order, authorization; (v.) to issue such an order A president's claim of broad public support.

Davy Crockett

1786-1836 A.D. American politician, frontiersman, and crack shot who is legendary for his involvement with the Texas revolutionaries in their struggle for independence from Mexico. He lost his life at the siege of the Alamo.

Tariff of Abominations (of 1828)

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Specie Circular

1863 - The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Anti-Masonic Party

1st Third Party. Counter subversion of public institutions by Freemasons. Focused on defeating Jackson. Merged with Whigs when beating Jackson failed.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Divorce Bill

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the governemtn could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adam's victory in the presidential election of 1824?

Adams was not supposed to win. He had the least amount of electoral and popular votes. However, due to the Corrupt bargain and Clay assistance in helping Adams, Adams was able to win.

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

22. Explain at least three theories about what motivated the followers of Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson and most of his Democratic followers feared the growing economic and political power exercised by these corporations. Their ability to amass wealth, through banking and manufacturing operations, and to influence and even coerce individual citizens, posed a threat to the Jeffersonian ideals that Jackson held dear.

5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.

Andrew Jackson defended the spoils system on a democratic level. He believed every generation deserved a seat in public office and that it was good to bring in new blood. The spoils system joined the parties and taught people how to be loyal to one.

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson's nickname

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Stephen Austin

Austin, Texas was named after him; he was the man the brought the first Americans into Texas because he was granted permission by the Mexicans

King Caucus

Beginning in 1796, caucuses of the parties' congressional delegations met informally to nominate their presidential and vice presidential candidates, leaving the general public with no direct input. This early nomination system evoked widespread resentment. By 1824 it had fallen into such disrepute that only one-fourth of the Democratic-Republican congressional delegation took part in the caucus that nominated Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford instead of more popular figures such as John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with the Confederacy. They owned slaves and felt like they had a common cause with the South. Confederate government took over federal payments for the tribes and invited them to send delegates to the Confederate conference. In return tribes supplied troops for the army. Some Cherokees and the Plain Indians sided with the Union but were not rewarded well.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs

Established in 1836 to handle and administer relations with the Indians. It had no control, however, over white expansion westward. Unable to honor many of the agreements made with the Indians. The frontier that the Bureau had claimed as a permanent settlement for the Indians lasted only into the 1850s as Americans kept moving West

4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?

He was the first president from the west. He also lacked a college education. His inauguration represented the ascendancy of the masses and he had humble beginnings. Jackson made himself known amongst the people and communicated well.

11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Asses.

Jackson did not want to wait for the BUS charter to expire so he forced it and wanted to destroy it. He put money that he removed from Bus and put it in pet banks. Biddle tried to fight back using loans from wildcat banks (which foreclosed farms and where unreliable) but this only caused Jackson to issue the Specie Circular.

2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain.

John Quincy Adams was not suited to be president. He was one of the most successful secrataries of state. Adams was not a social man and he didn't receive many votes. Even after he was president he found it hard to win people over.

14. Who was Martin Van Buren and why was he so unpopular?

Martin Van Buren's presidency started with many problems. Many demo rates resented him and he could not fill the shoes of Andrew Jackson. He inherited Jacksons enemies and rebellious Canada. A war was triggered with British and he failed at attempting neutrality. The North was having rising problems with slavery in the south and the annexation of Texas had to be considered. Van Buren had to try and fix the damage Jackson had left.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

18. Did texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land?

Moses Austin wanted to become Spanish to get cheap land and freedom of laws. He planned to gather 300 families to establish a colony in Texas. When he died, his son Stephen Austin took up his dream. The original Anglo-Texans ignored Mexican laws and officials including slavery laws. They fought back with violence. Stephen Austin sincerely tried to Mexicanize himself and his followers...until the Mexican gov got too arbitrary and authoritarian. I think they just wanted land and stayed Mexican only when things went their way.

9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle's nickname, "Czar Nicholas I?" Explain.

Nicholas Biddle deserved his nickname because he held a strong and unconstitutional amount of power when it came to Americas financial affairs. His group closed many western farms and major profits. Public service was not his first priority.

Lone Star Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

Independent Treasury

President Van Buren's plan to keep government funds in its own vualts and do business entirely in hard money rather than keep them in depostits within shaky banks.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Nullies

South Carolinians who favored nullification of the Tariff of 1832. They wore palmetto ribbons to express their support for nullification. John C. Calhoun is the most famous of the nullies.

17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?

Texas declared independence in 1836 and called them the Lone Star Republic. The Texans fought in ,many battles and won so they were eventually granted independence. they signed a document that said they were independent.

16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans?

Texas was up for grabs and it meant more land and more slaves and more options for crops and cotton.

19. What does the Election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time?

That superficialness was the norm and it worked well. Hard cider was given out and slogans like "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" were sung and issues or problems were hidden. People voted for the "better" president, or "better politician".

12. What is so alluring about being associated with "the common man?"

The "common man" was the majority and defending him was like defending the helpless. People who supported Jackson became democrats and the people who opposed jackson became whigs. The whigs were the anti masonic party and now wanted to defend the common man because he had so many supporters.

10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?

The Anti-Masonic Party and the use of national nominations emerged. The anti masons were against people like Jackson. The wanted a united platform and printed their issues for people all over to see. The nominated party wanted to nominate candidates, not let them be picked by "big whigs."

8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

The Cherokees were making efforts to establish connections with the Americans. The five civilized tribes attempted to adjust to "white life." Jackson to support the courts decisions and he proposed to remove the Indians form American territory. Very few Indians survived to see the home the Mexicans had made for the.

15. What caused the Panic of 1837 and what was done by the president to try and end it?

The Panic of 1837 was caused by over speculations and schemes. Jackson helped cause it with Bank War and the Specie Circular. Crops failing also helped. Van Buren tried to start things things like the Divorce Bill to help fix the Panic.

7. Describe the nullification crisis.

The Tariff of 1828 enraged South Carolina and Congress tried to ease the tensions. They removed the worst parts of the tariff. People voted to nullify the federal tariff. Jackson was ready to enforce the tariff but Clay was ready to reduce the tariff by 10% over 8 years. This was passed.. However, passed with it was the Force Bill which allowed the president to force necessary tariffs.

13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.

The second party was the party developed by the Whigs. William Henry Harrison, a whig, tried many strategies to win. They hoped to use the strategies to split the electoral vote and prevent anyone from winning by a majority.

3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election.

The tradition of using campaigning was widely used. People also spread rumors about opponents to make people not like the competition.

21. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs?

They were the common man's party and they believed in champion of the liberty of the individual and were against the progress of privilege into government and they were made up of the lower classes (farmers in South, West, rural areas); they believed in states' rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs were the upper class's party and they favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and prohibition of liquor, and abolition (made up mostly of educated and wealthier classes and from the East). Both had social diversity though, from all classes.

20. Is the federal government today more concerned with the "common man" or "aristocracy?" Explain.

Today's government professes to be more concerned with the common man, they talk alot about saving the middle class.

Mudslinging

Trying to ruin the reputation of political opponents; became a permanent feature of politics in 1828

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Rachel Robards

Wife of Andrew Jackson. During the election of 1828, she was accused of having been married to two men at once. Although the accusation was true, her "crime" was a mistake. Her divorce files from her first marriage had not been processed by the time she married Jackson, so she wasn't truly unmarried at the time of their wedding. Her alleged bigamy and his rumored seduction of a married woman were the basis of frequent fist fights with opponents, and occasional duels. For example, in 1806, in response to an insult about his wife's character, Andrew Jackson fought a duel with attorney Charles Dickinson, who wounded him before being shot by the future President. This woman died less than two months after the 1828 campaign, supposedly due to a broken heart because the National Republicans were so mean. Jackson blamed the National Republicans and Adams for her death.

Indian Territory

an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the south east were forced to move in the 1830s

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

Cherokees

lived South in the area east of the Mississippi River. had developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture as a way of life. Had developed their own government and deemed themselves an independent republic within the state of Georgia

"Tippecanoe and Tyler too"

political slogans used in the presidential election of 1840 when campaigning among the masses became more popular. "Log Cabins and Cider" was used to portray Harrison as a relatable common American who met with average people and drank cider with them. "Tippecanoe" refers to Harrison's military accomplishments which perfectly rhymed with "Tyler, too" which quickly added his vice presidential candidate John Tyler to his campaign.

Tariff of 1833

set up by Henry clay, it was a way to prevent Jackson from victory. clay deserves his title as the great compromiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squeezed through congress.