CH 8 LS

A codon contains how many nucleotides

3

Which sequence of DNA nucleotides is complementary to DNA triplet 5'-ATG-3'?

3'-TAC-5'

A bacterial cell described as _____can accept soluble DNA from the surround environment

COMPETENT

What is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology

Combine genetic material from two organisms

leads to cell dysfunction or death

Lethal mutation

What is true regarding bacterial chromosomes?

Located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm

:a point mutation that results in a different amino acid inserted into the sequence during translation

Missense mutation

A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous

base

Mutations can be excised by a series of enzymes that remove the incorrect bases and add the correct ones in a process known as

excision repair

Proteins that remove incorrect bases in DNA and replace them with correct ones are termed

excision repair enzymes

True or false: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA

false

Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

in the nucleus

The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the _____ of that organism

phenotype

In bacteria and archaea, CRISPR areas of the genome are a storage site for

pieces of DNA from phage or plasmids

Which of the following describes the study of an organism's complement of proteins and their functions?

proteomics

an important mean for bacteria to directly transfer resistance plasmids from one cell to another

Conjugation

results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream

Frameshift mutation

A mutation is beneficial if it

allows the organism to survive more readily

in DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in an _______ arrangement

anti-parallel

The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the

cloning host

In conjugation, a copy of the DNA being transferred is retained by the donor, and this is termed a____ process

conservative

According to the rules of complementary base pairing, the nitrogenous base ______forms hydrogen bonds with guanine

cytosine

is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics

genotype

in CRISPR, the gene sequence can be altered is specifies by a _____ DNA

guide

A sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called an

intron

in eukaryotic genes, introns are interfered between coding regions called_____that will be translated into protein

exons

True or false: mutations are always harmful to cells

false

rue or false: a typical bacterial chromosome consists of several thousands nucleotides

false

DNA____must occur to the cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete genome

replication

A typical bacterial chromosome consists of ______ nucleotides

several millions

Changes to the genome of an individual that are not passed on to offspring are termed __________ therapy

somatic cell

Deoxyribose is the

sugar in DNA

the backbone go RNA strand is formed by bonding the ______ of one nucleotide to the ______ of another nucleotide

sugar; phosphate

The field of biology that combines parts from different organisms to create new molecules and cells never before found in nature is called

synthetic biology

A phage is virus that infects

bacteria

genes code for proteins

structural

A region of some bacterial chromosomes that includes both a set of short repeated sequences and spacer DNA with remnants of bacteriophage and plasmid DNA is called

CRISPR

each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

DNA semiconservative replication

results in early termination of the protein

Nonsense mutation

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

Photoactivation

involves ANY substitution of a single nucleotide that does not change the DNA reading frame

Point mutation

technology, also known as genetic engineering, deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms

Recombinant DNA

The field of pharmacogenomics is a means to correlate a person's genetic background with drug treatments. This field relies on an analysis o

SNPs

alters the DNA sequence of a gene, but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is encoded by the gene

Silent mutation

Bacteriophage genes that have been transferred by ______are linked to the production of toxins in some virulent strains of bacteria

TRANSDUCTION

If a microbiologist wanted to insert a human gene into a bacterial cell, which type of horizontal gene transfer would be a useful means of accomplishing this goal?

Transformation

During what process is mRNA converted into a protein

Translation

DNA sequences that can switch sites in a genome and lead to changes in the genotype

Transposons

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base

Uracil

A single nucleotide polymorphism results from

a change in one base in a gene

is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule

a chromosome

is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a group of related proteins

a gene

One ethical concern about the use of CRISPR is its use in a process called gene drive. This is used to

artificially cause an organisms offspring to accrue a mutation at an accelerated rate.

occurs when a gene that has undergone mutation reverses back to its original sequence

back- mutation

The replacement of a faulty gene responsible for a disease with the wild type gene is termed

gene therapy

Which of the following describes the systematic study of an organism's genes and their functions?

genomics

A CRISPR region in a bacterial chromosome offers an advantage to the host because it allows the

microbe to keep a record of previous attacks

The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as

the phenotype

The introduction of genes into eukaryotic cells in a process similar to transformation is referred to as

transfection

Horizontal gene transfer

transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organism

Vertical gene transfer

transfer of DNA from parents organism during reproduction