CH 8 LS
A codon contains how many nucleotides
3
Which sequence of DNA nucleotides is complementary to DNA triplet 5'-ATG-3'?
3'-TAC-5'
A bacterial cell described as _____can accept soluble DNA from the surround environment
COMPETENT
What is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology
Combine genetic material from two organisms
leads to cell dysfunction or death
Lethal mutation
What is true regarding bacterial chromosomes?
Located in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm
:a point mutation that results in a different amino acid inserted into the sequence during translation
Missense mutation
A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous
base
Mutations can be excised by a series of enzymes that remove the incorrect bases and add the correct ones in a process known as
excision repair
Proteins that remove incorrect bases in DNA and replace them with correct ones are termed
excision repair enzymes
True or false: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA
false
Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?
in the nucleus
The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the _____ of that organism
phenotype
In bacteria and archaea, CRISPR areas of the genome are a storage site for
pieces of DNA from phage or plasmids
Which of the following describes the study of an organism's complement of proteins and their functions?
proteomics
an important mean for bacteria to directly transfer resistance plasmids from one cell to another
Conjugation
results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream
Frameshift mutation
A mutation is beneficial if it
allows the organism to survive more readily
in DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in an _______ arrangement
anti-parallel
The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the
cloning host
In conjugation, a copy of the DNA being transferred is retained by the donor, and this is termed a____ process
conservative
According to the rules of complementary base pairing, the nitrogenous base ______forms hydrogen bonds with guanine
cytosine
is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics
genotype
in CRISPR, the gene sequence can be altered is specifies by a _____ DNA
guide
A sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called an
intron
in eukaryotic genes, introns are interfered between coding regions called_____that will be translated into protein
exons
True or false: mutations are always harmful to cells
false
rue or false: a typical bacterial chromosome consists of several thousands nucleotides
false
DNA____must occur to the cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete genome
replication
A typical bacterial chromosome consists of ______ nucleotides
several millions
Changes to the genome of an individual that are not passed on to offspring are termed __________ therapy
somatic cell
Deoxyribose is the
sugar in DNA
the backbone go RNA strand is formed by bonding the ______ of one nucleotide to the ______ of another nucleotide
sugar; phosphate
The field of biology that combines parts from different organisms to create new molecules and cells never before found in nature is called
synthetic biology
A phage is virus that infects
bacteria
genes code for proteins
structural
A region of some bacterial chromosomes that includes both a set of short repeated sequences and spacer DNA with remnants of bacteriophage and plasmid DNA is called
CRISPR
each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
DNA semiconservative replication
results in early termination of the protein
Nonsense mutation
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?
Photoactivation
involves ANY substitution of a single nucleotide that does not change the DNA reading frame
Point mutation
technology, also known as genetic engineering, deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products or organisms
Recombinant DNA
The field of pharmacogenomics is a means to correlate a person's genetic background with drug treatments. This field relies on an analysis o
SNPs
alters the DNA sequence of a gene, but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein that is encoded by the gene
Silent mutation
Bacteriophage genes that have been transferred by ______are linked to the production of toxins in some virulent strains of bacteria
TRANSDUCTION
If a microbiologist wanted to insert a human gene into a bacterial cell, which type of horizontal gene transfer would be a useful means of accomplishing this goal?
Transformation
During what process is mRNA converted into a protein
Translation
DNA sequences that can switch sites in a genome and lead to changes in the genotype
Transposons
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base
Uracil
A single nucleotide polymorphism results from
a change in one base in a gene
is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule
a chromosome
is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a group of related proteins
a gene
One ethical concern about the use of CRISPR is its use in a process called gene drive. This is used to
artificially cause an organisms offspring to accrue a mutation at an accelerated rate.
occurs when a gene that has undergone mutation reverses back to its original sequence
back- mutation
The replacement of a faulty gene responsible for a disease with the wild type gene is termed
gene therapy
Which of the following describes the systematic study of an organism's genes and their functions?
genomics
A CRISPR region in a bacterial chromosome offers an advantage to the host because it allows the
microbe to keep a record of previous attacks
The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as
the phenotype
The introduction of genes into eukaryotic cells in a process similar to transformation is referred to as
transfection
Horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organism
Vertical gene transfer
transfer of DNA from parents organism during reproduction