Ch. 9 connect practice questions

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DNA polymerase __ is involved in repair

1

Genes are made up of ___, a macromolecule made of nucleotides

DNA

T/F: mutations are always harmful to cells

False, some mutations help cells survive

What occurs during posttranslational modification?

Formyl methionine (f-met) is removed; quaternary structures form, a tertiary protein conformation forms, cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes

Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?

Frameshift mutation

A ___ mutation involves a shift of the triplet sequence form the point of mutation downstream

Frameshift; the reading of the mRNA has been changed.

The entire genetic makeup of an organism is it ___)

Genotype

A ___ mutation results in early termination of the protein

Nonsense

Chromosomes are located in the ___ of protozoal and fungal cells

Nucleus

The expression of certain genetic traits are known as its

Phenotype

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by UV radiation using visible light?

Photoactivation

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex ___ during conjugation

Pilus

What is a small segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?

Plasmid

DNA ____ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA

Polymerase

___ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent

Spontaneous

Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?

Transduction

During the process of ___ a competent bacterial cell may accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment

Transformation

Griffith's experiment using streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated the process of

Transformation

___ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells

Transformation

___ are able to shift from one part of the genome to another

Transposons

T/F: R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effect of antibiotics.

True

Transduction occurs through a

bacteriophage

A ___ mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein , with varying results

missense

A ___ is the basic unit of DNA structure

nucleotide

A DNA triplet encodes ___ mRNA codon(s) and ___ amino acid(s)

1; 1

A codon contains how many nucleotides?

3

DNA polymerase ___ constructs the new strand

3

All new DNA strands are synthesized: 3 to 5 or 5 to 3?

5' TO 3'

In DNA, a purine always combines with ___

A pyrimidine

What is the main effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA?

Abnormal bonding between adjacent pyrimidines

Which test is used to determine the carginogenic potential of a chemical

Ames test

Plasmids are found in which type(s) of organisms?

Bacteria Fungi

DNA polymerases are responsible for:

Building the DNA chain Proofreading/repair

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites:

Chloroplasts Plasmids Chromosomes Mitochondria

R factors are specifically associate with which mechanism of recombination?

Conjugation

___ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili

Conjugation

The blueprint information for the production of proteins is permanently encoded in sections of

DNA

DNA polymerase __ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases

DNA polymerase I

The enzyme involved in replicating a new strand is

DNA polymerase III

Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functions as:

Enzymes & structural molecules

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ___ enzymes

Excision repair

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by UV radiation in absence of light?

Excision repair

Adenine and ___ are purines found in DNA

Guanine

RNA polymerase is different from DNA polymerase in that a ____ enzyme is not required

Helicase

What type of DNA mutation occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens?

Induced

A(n) ____ operon, can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.

Inducible

Stages of transcription:

Initiation Elongation Termination

The three events of translation are ____, ____, and ____ followed by ___ and ____

Initiation, elongation, termination, protein folding, and processing.

A chemical or physical agent that induces a change in DNA is referred to as a

Mutagen

Which mutation changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon?

Nonsense

In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility) ___ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+

Plasmid

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of a single base are referred to as

Point mutations

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which enzyme?

RNA polymerase

The central dogma of genetics states that DNA encodes ___ which encodes ___

RNA; protein

Which term refers to the transfer of genes between donor and recipient microorganisms?

Recombination

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Replication

RNA polymerase

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?

The plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell

The process of decoding DNA into mRNA

Transcription

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

Transcription Translation

A ___ serves as the vector for transduction in bacteria

bacteriophage

A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the ___ on the strand of DNA

deoxyribose sugar

During translation, ___ is converted into a protein

mRNA

Which type of RNA is the transcribed version of a structural gene in DNA?

mRNA

Gram ___ cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through pores in their cell walls instead of __

positive; pili

During translation, mRNA is converted into a ___

protein

During ____ , mRNA is converted into a protein

translation


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