Ch. 9

To keep up interest payments

1. Focus agriculture on growing cash crops for export 2. Adopt austerity measures 3. Invite the rapid exploitation of natural resources (for example, logging of forests and extraction of minerals) for quick cash

The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

In order to continue receiving aid, governments must prepare reports on policies that show real reform in addressing poverty and corruption

Remittances

Migrants who typically send much of their money home

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

One of the greatest challenges to health care in the developing countries. Sexually transmitted disease.

Promote gender equality and empower women

eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels of education by 2015

The new extreme poverty criterion

living on $1.25 per day

Globalization

the accelerating interconnectedness of human activities, ideas, and cultures

Inviting the rapid exploitation of natural resources

with the emphasis on quick cash, few, if any, environmental restrictions are imposed. thus, the debt crisis has meant disaster for the environment

Unmet Need

women who are not currently using contraception, but who want to postpone or prevent childbearing

Forge a global partnership for development

1. Develop a trading system that is open, rule based, and nondiscriminatory- one that is committed to sustainable development, good governance, and a reduction in poverty 2. With Official Development Assistance (ODA), address the special needs of the least developed countries (including the elimination of governance, and a reduction in poverty. 3. Deal with the debt problems of all developing countries by taking measures that will make debt sustainable in the long run 4. In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies

Millenium Development goals

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Forge a global partnership for development

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

1. Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS 2. Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it 3. Have halted, by 2015, and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

Social modernization

1. Improving education (especially literacy and the education of girls and women) 2. Improving health (especially lowering infant mortality and improving life expectancy) 3. Making family planning accessible (that is, both available and affordable) 4. Enhancing income through employment opportunities 5. Improving resource management (reversing environmental degradation)

Ensure environmental sustainability

1. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs, and reverse the loss of environmental resources 2. Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 3. Achieve a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by 2020

Reproductive health

1. Prenatal care 2. Safe childbirth and postnatal care 3. Information and services pertaining to contraception 4. Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 5. Abortion services (where legal) and care afterward 6. Prevention and treatment of infertility 7. Elimination of violence against women (coercive sex, rape), sexual trafficking, and female circumcision and infibulation (traditional practices in some African societies)

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

1. Reduce by half the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 per day 2. Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Developing countries have large families

1. Security in one's old age 2. Infant and childhood mortality 3. Helping hands 4. Status of Women 5. Availability of contraceptives

Development provides

1. Security in one's old age apart from the help of children 2. lower infant and childhood mortality 3. Universal education for children 4. Opportunities for higher education and careers for women 5. unrestricted access to contraceptives and reproductive health services

Ways to speed up the demographic transition

1. Speed up economic development in the high-growth countries, and population growth will slow down "automatically," as it did in the developed countries. 2. We need to concentrate on population policies and family-planning technologies to bring down birthrates

Improve maternal health

1. reduce maternal morality rates by three-quarters 2. Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health

Dependency ratio

As birthrates decline, the working-age population increases relative to the younger and older members of the population. The ratio of the nonworking population to the working population.

Adopting austerity measures

Government expenditures are reduced so that income can go to pay interest. But usually funds for schools, health clinics, police protection in poor areas, building and maintenance of roads in rural areas, and other goods and services that benefit not only the poor, but also the country as a whole are cut.

Focusing on growing cash crops for export

clearly impacts the country's ability to feed its people

Achieve universal primary education

ensure that all children, boys and girls alike, are enrolled in primary school

World Bank

functions as a special agency under the UN umbrella, owned by the countries that provide its funds. Now lends money to governments of of developing nations at interest rates somewhat below the going market rates.

Millennium Project

given the mandate to develop a coordinated action plan that other agencies and organizations can consult as the address the MDGs

Credit Associations

groups of several people who agreed to be responsible for each other's loans

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)

held in Cairo in 1994. There was a broad agreement that 1. Women's rights to healthcare, education, and employment were foundational to achieving slower population growth; 2. Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty; 3. The existing poverty in the developing countries was an affront to human dignity that should not be tolerated; 4. Both poverty and development were a threat to the health of the environment and that only sustainable development could prevent a future of unprecedented biological and human impoverishment.

emergency contraception

methods of preventing pregnancy within a few days after unprotected sexual intercourse

"Global Gag Rule"

prohibits any U.S. government aid from being given to foreign family-planning agencies if they provide abortions, counsel women about abortion if they are dealing with an unwanted pregnancy, or advocate for abortion law reforms in their own country

Reduce child mortality

reduce mortality rates by tow-thirds for all infants and children under five

Microlending

small and short-term loans, usually just for four to six months

MDG Support Team

successor to the Millennium Project, operated under the mandate of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Works with countries by invitation, helping them to prepare and implement national strategies for achieving the MDGs, developing tools and methods specific for that country, coordinating technical expertise across the UN family of agencies, and spotlighting successful MDG initiatives.

Epidemiologic transition

the trend of decreasing death ratees that is seen in countries as they modernize