Ch. 9 Human Development Assignment

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development does NOT occur during infancy or childhood? A) Autonomy vs. Shame B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Intimacy vs. Isolation D) Trust vs. Mistrust

C) Intimacy vs. Isolation

How many women each year lose their husbands? A) about 500,000 B) about 600,000 C) about 700,000 D) about 800,000

C) about 700,000

A newborn A) cannot see anything. B) can see objects only a few inches away. C) can see objects about one foot away. D) can see objects several feet away.

C) can see objects about one foot away.

A 16-year-old inherently is going to have more difficulty A) resisting the distractions that might interfere with good driving. B) with the hand-eye coordination needed for good driving. C) understanding the complicated street signs in urban areas. D) remembering to follow all of the road rules.

A) resisting the distractions that might interfere with good driving.

A) Blame B) Denial C) Depression D) Anger E) Bargaining F) Acceptance G) Peace

A -"Why is this happening to me?" B -"There is nothing wrong with me. I feel fine." C -"I give up." D - E -"If I can get through this, I will start taking care of myself." F -"Everything will be okay." G -

A) Permissive Parenting B) Authoritarian Parenting C) Neglectful Parenting D) Authoritative Parenting E) Helicopter Parenting 1) Strict, punitive style where the parents set limits with limited verbal exchange. 2) Encourages independence with some limits 3) Lack of parental involvement. 4) Few limits placed, allowing the child to do what he or she wants.

A -4 B -1 C -3 D -2 E - N/A

A) Difficult Child B) Easy Child C) Slow-to-Warm Child 1) Generally in a positive mood; easily establishes routines and adapts to new experiences. 2) Often fussy and engages in irregular routines 3) low activity level and tends to withdraw from new experiences

A -> 2 B -> 1 C -> 3

A) Concrete Operational Stage B) Preoperational Stage C) Formal Operational Stage D) Sensorimotor Stage 1) During this stage, understanding of the world is constructed coordinating sensory and motor experiences. 2) During this stage, thought becomes more symbolic. 3) During this stage, intuitive reasoning is replaced by logical reasoning in concrete situations. 4) During this stage, one thinks about things that are not concrete.

A -> 3) During this stage, intuitive reasoning is replaced by logical reasoning in concrete situations. B -> 2) During this stage, thought becomes more symbolic. C -> 4) During this stage, one thinks about things that are not concrete. D -> 1) During this stage, understanding of the world is constructed coordinating

Caesar is a 95-year-old man with brain shrinkage. Which of the following best describes how Caesar would behave? A) He loves to try new food, plans to enroll in tap dance classes, and has excellent recall for the smallest detail. B) He does not enjoy traveling to places he has not gone before, he holds carefully to stair rails when climbing steps, and forgets simple things like the day of the week. C) He enjoys learning new technology, falls frequently, and is learning a new language. D) He won't visit his grandchildren, but his balance is perfect and he can cook a recipe from memory.

A) He loves to try new food, plans to enroll in tap dance classes, and has excellent recall for the smallest detail.

Which of the following is NOT true of an embryo? A) It is 9 weeks old. B) It is 1/5 of an inch. C) It has a beating heart. D) It has an intestinal tract and a number of major organs.

A) It is 9 weeks old.

Why don't infants in the first few weeks of life see the same sights as adults? A) The optic and brain structures in infants are immature. B) The optic nerve is malfunctioning. C) The eye's structures need six months of development to see the same images as able-sighted adults. D) Brain structures in newborns don't recognize visual input.

A) The optic and brain structures in infants are immature.

Meredith is an older adult who states her age as "not yet 80." She does not like modern technology much, but she exercises and works cross word puzzles every day. She likely has a healthy brain with little to no shrinkage. A) True, the brain is like a muscle and can be maintained with mental and physical exercise, including the amount of gray matter. B) False, despite the exercise, her age means that she has significant gray matter shrinkage.

A) True, the brain is like a muscle and can be maintained with mental and physical exercise, including the amount of gray matter.

Daniel is an outgoing, popular high school student. He seeks out opportunities to socialize, such as joining various clubs at school and participating in team sports. Daniel's efforts to select experiences that are consistent with his genetic tendencies is known as a(n) _______ correlation. A) active B) passive C) reactive D) nonshared environmental

A) active

What is the likely reason that the parietal lobe is activated in brain scans while people are responding to moral dilemmas? A) because the parietal lobe is involved in cognitive processes B) because the parietal lobe is involved in emotional reactions C) because the parietal lobe is involved in physical sensations D) because the parietal lobe has connections to other parts of the brain that control memory

A) because the parietal lobe is involved in cognitive processes

When older people in Western societies are reminded of the advantages of age, such as superior wisdom, they tend to A) do better on tests of memory B) show more memory loss. C) demonstrate memory decline expected for their age. D) feel better about the memory loss that they have experienced.

A) do better on tests of memory

Visual abilities in infants A) expand rapidly after birth. B) do not improve until about six months of age. C) are quite sensitive at birth. D) decline in the first two months, then expand rapidly.

A) expand rapidly after birth.

Eighteen-month-old Jesse explores and plays while her mother is in the room. The research suggests that Jesse may A) feel securely attached to her mother when she is 13. B) feel more attached to her father than her mother by the time she is 10. C) be overly attached to both of her parents by the time she begins puberty. D) resent her parents, but especially her mother, when she gets a little older, because she feels so dependent.

A) feel securely attached to her mother when she is 13.

Which of the following is NOT an example of one of the ways an individual can develop generativity? A) genetic generativity B) work generativity C) cultural generativity D) parental generativity

A) genetic generativity

Kohlberg classified moral responses into three levels: A) preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. B) obedience, punishment, and social contract. C) conventional, unconventional, and nonconventional. D) self-interest, interpersonal, and universal.

A) preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

Only 2 percent of widows aged 65 and older A) remarry. B) die the same year as their husbands. C) travel. D) enjoy going out with friends.

A) remarry.

What is the sequence in which light enters the eye and reaches the brain for interpretation, regardless of age? A) retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, visual cortex B) retina, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex C) optic nerve, retina, optic chiasm, optic radiations, visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus D) optic chiasm, retina, optic nerve, visual cortex, optic radiations, lateral geniculate nucleus

A) retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiations, visual cortex

As Cindy was learning to write her alphabet, her mom initially helped her hold her pencil and form the letters, soon after this her mom let Cindy hold her own pencil and form the letters. Now Cindy can write her alphabet all by herself. According to Vygotsky, Cindy's mom was engaging the process of A) scaffolding. B) habituation. C) object permanence. D) rehabilitation.

A) scaffolding.

According to Piaget object permanence develops during the A) sensorimotor stage. B) preoperational stage. C) concrete operational stage. D) formal operational stage.

A) sensorimotor stage.

Consider a person in late adulthood (age 65 or older) with an MRI that shows reduced sizes in various brain structures in comparison to MRIs taken 15 years ago. The hypothalamus shows shrinkage, which negatively affects its function. What will this person in late adulthood experience as a result of the shrunken hypothalamus? A) shortened and/or disturbed sleep/wake cycle B) bad eye sight C) reduced ability to hear D) decreased critical thinking skills

A) shortened and/or disturbed sleep/wake cycle

Piaget and other infant researchers had to develop different techniques (such as hiding toys under blankets) to study the thinking of infants because infants lack _____ skills. A) verbal B) athletic C) creative D) motor

A) verbal

The upper limit of the zone of proximal development represents A) what a child can do when assisted. B) what a child can do on his/her own. C) what a child cannot do, no matter the level of assistance. D) what parents should ignore in a child's development.

A) what a child can do when assisted.

A) Cellular-Clock Theory B) Hormonal Stress Theory C) Free-Radical Theory 1- cells divide a maximum of 100 times. As we age, cells become less able to divide. 2- Unstable oxygen molecules damage DNA and other cellular structures. 3- Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

A-1 B-3 C-2

On average, the total brain weight of people in their 80s is about _____ less than that of middle-aged people. A) 5 percent B) 8 percent C) 10 percent D) 20 percent

B) 8 percent

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) As people grow older, their intelligence declines very little. B) As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly. C) As people grow older, their intelligence holds steady in healthy individuals. D) As people grow older, intelligence declines are of little significance for competent behavior.

B) As people grow older, their intelligence declines significantly.

Which theorist proposed that Kohlberg's theory has a strong male bias, and thus does not adequately address the ways in which females make moral decisions? A) Piaget B) Gilligan C) Buss D) Haidt

B) Gilligan

Why would a 1-week-old newborn only see gray tones? A) Infant brains are hardwired to interpret all colors as gray. B) Infants at this age are have underdeveloped neural cells in their retina. C) Pigmented nuclei are immature at birth and need time to interpret colors. D) Photons delay the speed at which the brain interprets colors, thus gray results first.

B) Infants at this age are have underdeveloped neural cells in their retina.

_____ correlations are most applicable to young children, whose parents exert a great deal of control over their early experiences. A) Active B) Passive C) Inverse D) Nonshared environmental

B) Passive

Which theorist developed a four-stage theory of cognitive development? A) Wundt B) Piaget C) Watson D) Skinner

B) Piaget

What is a likely reason the anterior cingulate gyrus becomes activated when people are providing a utilitarian response to a moral dilemma? A) The ACC has neural connections to the emotional and physical cortex in the brain. B) The ACC is involved in decision making and impulse control. C) The ACC has neural connections to the cognitive and parietal structures in the brain. D) When the ACC is severed in experiments, people are unable to provide an emotional, or nonutilitarian, response to a moral dilemma.

B) The ACC is involved in decision making and impulse control.

A zygote is A) the point in pregnancy when the baby is no longer in danger of being pre-term. B) a fertilized egg. C) a fetus that has taken on the characteristics of a newborn. D) the stage that lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks in development.

B) a fertilized egg.

At one year, a baby's visual sensitivity is _______ times greater than it was at birth. A) two B) four C) six D) eight

B) four

Many teachers give students "busy" work that they can complete on their own, which allows the teacher to work individually or with small groups during class. This "busy" work falls into the _____ limit of the zone of proximal development. A) upper B) lower C) outer D) under

B) lower

One criticism of Piaget's theory is that A) children are more uniform in their thinking and their development than Piaget believed. B) many children can solve the conservation tasks earlier than Piaget believed. C) only about one child in a thousand can solve a conservation task before the age of seven. D) he placed too much emphasis on the role of culture and education in a child's cognitive development.

B) many children can solve the conservation tasks earlier than Piaget believed.

Which of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development did this concept clip on conservation focus? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

B) preoperational

Which of the following would be the easiest for 1-week-old Olivia to see? A) grandma's smiling face placed two inches in front of her B) the black-and-white mobile hanging 36 inches above her in her crib C) the colorful fabric pattern on the blanket that is wrapped tightly around her D) the stuffed animal placed a few inches away from her

B) the black-and-white mobile hanging 36 inches above her in her crib

The overall national suicide rate is about A) 8.3 per 100,000 population. B) 10.5 per 100,000 population C) 11.1 per 100,000 population. D) 14.2 per 100,000 population.

C) 11.1 per 100,000 population.

Ethel was widowed this year. If she meets the average standard, how long can she expect to be widowed? A) 7 years B) 10 years C) 14 years D) 21 years

C) 14 years

Baby Suzanna is two months old. Her mom places a red block about one foot in front of her. Suzanna most likely A) cannot see the object at that distance. B) can see the object but cannot distinguish its color. C) can see the object and distinguish its color. D) can see the object and recognize its dimensionality.

C) can see the object and distinguish its color.

Babies with an easy temperament tend to receive different responses from adults than babies with a difficult temperament. For instance, we are more likely to respond positively to a baby who is happy and social than to a baby who is irritable and generally negative in mood. This example illustrates a(n) ________ correlation. A) active B) passive C) evocative D) nonshared environmental

C) evocative

Generativity vs. Stagnation occurs during A) adolescence. B) young adulthood. C) middle adulthood. D) late adulthood.

C) middle adulthood.

While the cerebellum is not known to shrink due to age, its connectivity to the cerebrum declines, which is one of the reasons for impoverished physiological function in older adulthood. Those patients whose cerebellum has been injured or compromised in some way are A) likely to play sports. B) more likely to be a master of calligraphy. C) more likely to be clumsy. D) more likely to be outgoing.

C) more likely to be clumsy.

Recognizing that an object continues to exist even when it is out of our immediate view is called Multiple Choice A) object rigidity. B) object stability. C) object permanence. D) object constancy.

C) object permanence.

How many women over age 65 are widows? A) one-eighth B) one-quarter C) one-third D) nearly half

C) one-third

Johnny is currently struggling with math problems that require him to "carry" the tens place to the next column. Even with an expert instructor, Johnny is not ready to learn algebra. Learning algebra would be in the _____ limit of the zone of proximal development for Johnny. A) lower B) upper C) outer D) under

C) outer

How many identifiable developmental constructive stages did Kohlberg claim that moral reasoning had? A) four B) five C) six D) seven

C) six

Consider this dilemma: A 90-year-old man is convicted of a crime. Should he be sent to prison? If so, should the security level of the prison be dictated by his crime or his age? In thinking about this dilemma, which part of your brain is most likely activated? A) the temporal lobe B) the temporal sulcus C) the posterior superior temporal sulcus D) the anterior superior temporal sulcus

C) the posterior superior temporal sulcus

Which brain region(s) would most likely show up as activated in functional MRI while you responded to a moral question? A) the orbitofrontal cortex B) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex C) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and medial frontal cortex D) the medial frontal cortex

C) the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and medial frontal cortex

Piaget believed infants learned about their world A) by reading books. B) by listening to lectures. C) through their senses. D) through television.

C) through their senses.

What is "moral dumbfounding"? A) where people move through the moral stages in a linear direction B) where people move backward through the moral stages C) where people have strong moral reactions, but have no logical reasoning to explain their feelings D) that Kohlberg's theory focuses on justice to the exclusion of other values

C) where people have strong moral reactions, but have no logical reasoning to explain their feelings

You are throwing a birthday party for a group of four-year-olds. Piaget would suggest that A) you give different size cups to each child so they can keep up with their own cup. B) you give only the girls cups to drink from because they have better fine motor skills. C) you give each child the same size cup to drink from. D) you use small, medium, and large cups depending on the size of the child.

C) you give each child the same size cup to drink from.

Scientists have found the region of the brain that inhibits risky behavior isn't fully formed until A) 16. B) 18. C) 21. D) 25.

D) 25.

Five-month-old Derek is now able to A) discriminate between a picture of a flower and a real flower. B) see his mother's face when she is holding him. C) discriminate between a blue rattle and a pink rattle. D) All answer choices are correct.

D) All answer choices are correct.

Which of the following scenarios contains all of the elements of secure attachment? A) Amelia plays with her doll while her mother sits next to her and reads a book. B) Alika chases a ball around the room while his father sits at the table and talks on the phone. When his father gets up to leave, Alika tries to stop him and cries when his father leaves. When his father returns, Alika is angry and won't look at his father for the rest of the afternoon. C) Alicia is building a tent out of small tables and blankets, while her mother and father watch a movie in the same room. She keeps knocking over the tables and making a lot of noise, so her parents scold her over and over. Finally, she starts to cry. D) Anthony is building a space station out of building blocks, while his stepmother sits near him and gazes out the window. When she gets up and leaves to see what the neighbor is doing, Anthony starts to cry. When she comes back, he reaches out for a hug.

D) Anthony is building a space station out of building blocks, while his stepmother sits near him and gazes out the window. When she gets up and leaves to see what the neighbor is doing, Anthony starts to cry. When she comes back, he reaches out for a hug.

Devin is 23 years old. He has a strong sense of his own identity, but he still is working out who he is while in a relationship and how to make a healthy relationship with a partner. Although he's had several "serious" relationships, he has never had a girlfriend longer than 6 months. Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development does Devin's situation best represent? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Industry vs. Inferiority C) Integrity vs. Despair D) Intimacy vs. Isolation

D) Intimacy vs. Isolation

In the late 1970s, attachment was studied by A) Piaget. B) Ainsworth. C) Erikson. D) Kohlberg.

D) Kohlberg.

Which theorist developed the concept of the zone of proximal development? A) Piaget B) Freud C) Baumrind D) Vygotsky

D) Vygotsky

Which Piagetian concept refers to the understanding that certain changes to an object, such as its physical properties or appearance, do not change its other fundamental properties such as its volume or weight? A) egocentrism B) animism C) centration D) conservation

D) conservation

Erik Erikson theorized that there are ______ stages of psychosocial development over the course of the lifespan. A) three B) five C) six D) eight

D) eight

During which of the following stages of development does the child begin to have hair grow on its head and gain facial features that become similar to those the child will display at birth? A) zygote B) germinal C) embryonic D) fetal

D) fetal

Mary is pregnant, and her baby is about seven pounds and about twenty inches long. She can give birth now without danger of being pre-term. In which stage of pregnancy is she? A) fetal (8 weeks) B) fetal (16-18 weeks) C) fetal (24 weeks) D) fetal (38 weeks)

D) fetal (38 weeks)

Jenny does her homework because she is afraid that if she doesn't, her parents will get angry with her and she will get in trouble. According to Kohlberg, Jenny's actions exemplify what stage of moral reasoning? A) universal ethical principles B) self-interest orientation C) social contract orientation D) obedience and punishment orientation

D) obedience and punishment orientation

If an infant searched for the hidden toy, Piaget assumed they had developed A) curiosity. B) logical thinking. C) symbolic thinking. D) object permanence.

D) object permanence.

Legislatures around the country are thinking of doing all of the following to assist teen drivers EXCEPT A) limiting passengers. B) restricting cell phone use. C) raising the driving age to 18. D) requiring teens to drive SUVs for extra protection in accidents.

D) requiring teens to drive SUVs for extra protection in accidents.

According to the research, young people consistently A) take fewer risks when their friends are watching, but they take the same number of risks as adults when they are by themselves. B) take fewer risks when their friends are watching, but they take a greater number of risks as adults when they are by themselves. C) take greater risks when their friends are watching, but they take the same number of risks as adults when they are by themselves. D) take greater risks when their friends are watching, but they take a lesser number of risks as adults when they are by themselves.

D) take greater risks when their friends are watching, but they take a lesser number of risks as adults when they are by themselves.

Two-year-old Nick cries whenever he sees his father leave the room. His parents have come to you for help. You tell them A) they are right to be concerned. Children should feel securely attached and not be afraid when a parent leaves the room. B) they are right to be concerned. This crying behavior is not appropriate for boys. C) they do not need to be concerned. This crying behavior is normal in a child who is securely attached. D) they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them.

D) they may not need to be concerned, but you need more information in order to advise them.