Ch. 9 Soc. - Inquizitive

In the United States, rates of employment for all social classes of women working outside the home were quite low until well into the twentieth century, when rates increased considerably—including for married mothers of young children. Place the following statements in order from lowest to highest percentage.

-the percentage of women ages sixteen and older in the labor force in 1960 -the percentage of married women with preschool-age children in the labor force in 1975 -the percentage of women ages sixteen and older in the labor force in 2018 -the percentage of married women with preschool-age children in the labor force in 2018

Match the intervention with the social problem it most specifically addresses. 1. Rape 2. Fem. infantacide 3. intimate partner violence 4. toxic masculinity

1. A local police department encourages people to report after being forced into nonconsensual intercourse. 2. Obstetricians encourage newly pregnant women and their partners to value female babies as much as male babies. 3. A public health messaging program had focused on sexual assault by strangers. It is updated to also include violence committed against women by their romantic partners. 4. A college gives a seminar to incoming students about acquaintance rape, and the sense of male entitlement that often makes men believe they have sexual access to women without clear consent.

Review the section in Chapter 1 that discusses the main methods used is sociological research. Then match each methodological approach to the corresponding research project on sexual assault. 1. experiment 2. survey 3. comparative research 4. ethnography

1. A researcher sends two sets of undergraduates out to interact with others and find out how people stigmatize one of two conditions: (1) a student who has been sexually assaulted or (2) a student who is homeless. 2. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted. 3. A researcher examines the differences in the prevalence of sexual assault on college campuses in the United States vs. Canada. 4. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with women on college campuses who have been sexually assaulted.

The occupation of clerk—together with a related occupation, secretary—has long been gender typed as a woman's job. Place the steps in the evolution of this occupation in order from first to last.

1. Clerks held responsible positions, often requiring accountancy skills. 2. With typewriters, clerks acquired new skills 3. Clerks increasingly performed routine tasks 4. Pay and prestige of clerks declined

Match each feminist perspective to the statement most closely associated with it. 1. transnational 2. liberal 3. black 4. radical

1. Feminists should consider how global processes, such as imperialism, shape gender relations. 2. Laws should be enacted to reduce workplace discrimination. 3. Feminists should consider the influence of slavery and racial segregation on women's experience. 4. Men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women.

Match each example of "doing gender" to the corresponding cultural group. 1. the !Kung of the Kalahari Desert 2. the Arapesh of New Guinea 3. teenagers in Western societies 4. persons who identify as nonbinary

1. men and women who both do a lot of child care 2. males and females who are gentle, passive, and emotionally responsive to one another 3. young heterosexual women who "play dumb" in order to support the masculinity of young men they wish to attract 4. individuals who take selfies that emphasize passing as male or female, or gender ambiguity

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about radical feminism.

At the heart of radical feminism is the belief that men are responsible for and benefit from the exploitation of women. The analysis of {{patriarchy}} is of central concern to radical feminism. Radical feminists often concentrate on the {{family}} as one of the primary sources of women's oppression in society.

Which statement most accurately represents current views on how biological essentialism and social constructionist perspectives fit together?

Brain imaging studies show differences between girls' and boys' brains, differences that shaped by social contexts and norms

Identify the examples related to "doing gender" that align with the research findings of Maria do Mar Pereira and Nikki Jones.

Examples: Justin decides not to go out with Elaine—even though he finds her extremely attractive—because Elaine has a degree from Cornell and Justin is only a high school graduate. When in work situations where she is the only woman, Amy changes her voice and body language to fit in with her male colleagues. Not Examples: Em, a nonbinary individual, takes selfies in the same style in high school, college, and early work years. Elaine decides not to go out with Justin—even though she finds him extremely attractive—because Justin has a degree from Cornell and Elaine is only a high school graduate.

An intersectional perspective on the #MeToo movement would explore how socialization and biology work together to produce both sexual harassment and resistance to it.

False

Today there are roughly equal numbers of men and women in the global workforce.

False

What sociological theory supports the argument that the family operates most efficiently with a clear cut sexual division of labor that involves women fulfilling "expressive" caregiver roles and men fulfilling "instrumental" breadwinner roles?

Functionalism

Which statement best describes the functionalist perspective on gender?

Gender differences contribute to social stability and integration.

Schools help perpetuate gender differences in both outlook and behavior, and sociologists have observed this through student-teacher interaction. Match each behavior to either boys or girls.

Girls: call out in class, and get reprimanded are encouraged to turn to others for answers Boys: interact more frequently with their teacher call out in class, and get attention from the teacher get scolded and punished for rowdy behavior

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the impact of sexual harassment on victims.

Harassment clearly takes a toll on its victims' emotional well-being, yet it also can do long-lasting harm to their {{careers.}} In a recent mixed-method study, researchers discovered that many women left their jobs to escape the harassment and the menacing work environment; these workplace exits, in turn, increased the women's {{financial stress}} and hurt their career prospects in the longer term.

Feminist criticism of a biological basis for the division of labor hinges on what idea?

Humans are socialized into roles that are culturally expected of them

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) compares gender inequality across countries, looking at metrics including women's educational attainment, labor force participation, and representation in governmental bodies. Place the following countries in order from least to greatest percentage of parliament seats held by women.

India Turkey USA China Switz Canada Rwanda

Which statement most clearly uses gender socialization as an explanation for gender differences?

Individuals learn gender roles from school, peers, the media and family.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about determining the prevalence of rape.

It is difficult to know with accuracy how many rapes actually occur since rapes are so often {{unreported}}. Young {{men}} are particularly reluctant to report sexual assault.

Identify the statements that oppose the biological essentialism view.

Opposing Statements: Society can influence individuals' gender expressions. Aggressive behavior has been shown to increase testosterone in monkeys. Nearly a century of research fails to identify the physiological and biological origins of the complex social behaviors exhibited by human males and females. The aggression levels of men can vary widely across cultures. Not Opposing Statements:

Place each root concern with the theory it fits with. 1. Social Constructionist Approaches 2. Socialization Approaches 3. Functionalist Approaches 4. Feminist Approaches

Root Causes 1. Society has great impact in shaping us, so much that social influence is often misperceived as natural or biological. 2. Self and identity are shaped by various agents including families, schools, and peer groups. 3. Society needs organization and solidarity in order to function smoothly. 4. Women's inequality is pervasive across societies, due to sexism, patriarchy, capitalism, and racism.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about blurring the boundaries between the genders.

Several nations have begun to collect official statistics on persons who identify as "third gender" or "third sex," terms which encompass diverse experiences such as identifying as {{transgender}}, when an individual identifies as a gender identity that differs from the sex assigned at birth, or being {{intersex}}, which refers to individuals who possess both male and female genitalia and those born with ambiguous genitalia. In 2011, {{Nepal}} became the first country to officially include a third gender category, followed by {{India}} and {{New Zealand}}. In {{Germany}}, parents now have the option of not specifying a child's sex in birth registries.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about women and the workplace.

Since the turn of the twentieth century, women's participation in the paid labor force has risen more or less continuously, especially in the past {{fifty}} years. In 2018, {{57.1}} percent of women ages sixteen and older were in the workforce, compared to {{38}} percent in 1960.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) compares gender inequality across countries, looking at metrics including women's educational attainment, labor force participation, and representation in governmental bodies. Place the following countries in order from lowest to highest GII. Remember, the lowest GII means the lowest degree of gender inequality.

Switzerland Canada China USA Turkey Rwanda India

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sociology and the study of workplace sexual harassment.

The demeaning, demoralizing, and even dangerous treatment of women in almost every industry may partly explain why women account for less than {{30}} percent of all senior officers and only {{6}} percent of CEOs in finance, lower rates than in other industries. The challenges women face in wealthy Western nations vary markedly from those of women in the Global South, which is why sociologists use a(n) {{intersectional perspective}} to understand how women's multiple identities and social locations shape their experiences.

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence about gender socialization.

The parent who scolds a young boy for playing with dolls (along with two girls) is giving a negative sanction for {violating gender roles}, while the other parent who praises the boy for winning a computer game is providing a {positive sanction.}

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sexual harassment in the workplace.

There are only two legally recognized forms of sexual harassment. When a person in a position of power demands sexual acts as a condition of employment or work-related benefit, or promises job promotion in return for sexual favors, it is called {{quid pro quo}}. When there is a pattern of activity or behavior such as cat-calling, sexually demeaning imagery, or actions that make workers uncomfortable, it is called the {{hostile work environment.}}

Some researchers have noted that the narrowing of the gender gap in earnings is in part the result of the decline in men's economic standing.

True