Chapter 3
associative research purpose
(functional) relationship (e.g., gender and life expectancy)
Quantitative researchers usually collect _________data whereas qualitative researchers collect_________data.
1.numerical 2.narrative
variable
A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, that is, that varies from one person to the next Examples Blood type Weight Length of stay in hospital
What is an example of a question that researchers ask when using phenomenology during qualitative research? A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? B.What are the psychological phases that characterize a particular event? C.What are the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group? D.What is the core variable that explains what is happening in the social scene?
A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? Rationale: The phenomenological researcher asks the questions What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? or What is the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it?
A nurse researcher is conducting a quantitative study to determine protocols for triaging patients in the emergency department. Which term is generally associated with this type of research? A.Phenomena B.Subject C.Pattern of association D.Inductive reasoning
B.Subject Rationale. The person contributing information in a quantitative study is called the subject. In the qualitative study, this person is called the study participant, informant, or key informant. That which is investigated is called a concept in quantitative studies and concept or phenomena in qualitative studies. Pattern of association and inductive reasoning are qualitative terms. Relationships and deductive reasoning are quantitative terms.
Phenomenological research
Focuses on the lived experiences of humans
grounded theory
Seeks to understand key social psychological processes
concepts
abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior or characteristics (e.g., pain, weight)
Activities in a Qualitative Study
concept and plan conduct study
Things being investigated in Quantitative research
contsructs concepts variables
gaining entree
gain buy-in at clinical site The process of gaining access to study participants through the cooperation of key actors in the selected community or site.
theories
knit concepts into a coherent system that purports to explain phenomena
What is the best description of a dependent variable? Outcome being measured A person's gender Presumed cause Measurements performed
outcome being measured
Things being investigated in Qualitative research
phenomena concepts
person undertaking the study in quantitative research
researcher investigator
person undertaking the study qualitative research
researcher investigator
person contributing information in qualitative research
study participant informant key informant
Phases in a Quantitative Study (C-DEAD) 5 phases(18steps)
Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Phase 3: Empirical Phase Phase 4: Analytic Phase Phase 5: Dissemination Phase
Variables are almost exclusively used in_______
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
qualitative research purpose
Qualitative researchers may seek patterns of association as a way of illuminating the underlying meaning and dimensionality of phenomena of interest.
experimental research
Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment most often to address therapy questions. Called clinical trials in medical research
Nonexperimental research
Researchers collect data without intervening or introducing treatments. Called observational studies in medical research
3.Empirical phase of Quantitative study 13-14
Step 13: Collecting the data Step 14: Preparing data for analysis (e.g., coding the data)
4.analytic phase of quantitative study 15-16
Step 15: Analyzing the data (through statistical analysis) Step 16: Interpreting results
5. dissemenation phase
Step 17: Communicating the findings in a research report (e.g., in a journal article) Step 18: Putting the evidence into practice
1.conceptual phase Quantitative study 1-5
Step 1: Formulating/delimiting the problem Step 2: Reviewing related literature Step 3: Undertaking clinical fieldwork Step 4: Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions Step 5: Formulating hypotheses
2.Planning phase of Quantitative study 6-12
Step 6: Selecting a research design Step 7: Developing intervention protocols Step 8: Identifying the population Step 9: Designing the sampling plan Step 10: Specifying methods to measure variables and collect data Step 11: Developing methods to protect human/animal rights Step 12: Reviewing and finalizing the research plan
Process of conceptualizing and planning
Identifying the research problem Doing a literature review Selecting sites and gaining entrée Developing an overall approach Addressing ethical issues
operational
the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to measure the concept and collect the desired information
Data (singular = datum):
the pieces of information researchers collect in a study
independent variable
the presumed cause (of a dependent variable)
dependent variable(outcome variable or outcome)
the presumed effect (of an independent variable)
person contributing information in quantitative research
subject study participant
conceptual
the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied
cause-and-effect research
(causal) relationship (e.g., cigarette smoking and lung cancer)
Which action would be performed first when designing and planning a quantitative study? Developing intervention protocols Identifying the population Designing the sampling plan Formulating a research design
D.Formulating a research design Rationale: The first step in designing and planning a quantitative study is formulating a research design. This is followed by developing intervention protocols, identifying the population, and designing the sampling plan
Tell whether the following statement is True or False. Researchers involved in quantitative research commonly engage in fieldwork. True False
False Rationale: Researchers engage in fieldwork when performing qualitative studies.
Ethnographic research
Focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group
emergent design
a design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned
constructs
slightly more complex abstractions (e.g., self-care) For example, self-care in Orem's model of health maintenance is a construct.