Chapter 3

associative research purpose

(functional) relationship (e.g., gender and life expectancy)

Quantitative researchers usually collect _________data whereas qualitative researchers collect_________data.

1.numerical 2.narrative

variable

A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, that is, that varies from one person to the next Examples Blood type Weight Length of stay in hospital

What is an example of a question that researchers ask when using phenomenology during qualitative research? A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? B.What are the psychological phases that characterize a particular event? C.What are the patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group? D.What is the core variable that explains what is happening in the social scene?

A.What is the meaning of the phenomenon experienced by the people? Rationale: The phenomenological researcher asks the questions What is the essence of this phenomenon as experienced by these people? or What is the meaning of the phenomenon to those who experience it?

A nurse researcher is conducting a quantitative study to determine protocols for triaging patients in the emergency department. Which term is generally associated with this type of research? A.Phenomena B.Subject C.Pattern of association D.Inductive reasoning

B.Subject Rationale. The person contributing information in a quantitative study is called the subject. In the qualitative study, this person is called the study participant, informant, or key informant. That which is investigated is called a concept in quantitative studies and concept or phenomena in qualitative studies. Pattern of association and inductive reasoning are qualitative terms. Relationships and deductive reasoning are quantitative terms.

Phenomenological research

Focuses on the lived experiences of humans

grounded theory

Seeks to understand key social psychological processes

concepts

abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior or characteristics (e.g., pain, weight)

Activities in a Qualitative Study

concept and plan conduct study

Things being investigated in Quantitative research

contsructs concepts variables

gaining entree

gain buy-in at clinical site The process of gaining access to study participants through the cooperation of key actors in the selected community or site.

theories

knit concepts into a coherent system that purports to explain phenomena

What is the best description of a dependent variable? Outcome being measured A person's gender Presumed cause Measurements performed

outcome being measured

Things being investigated in Qualitative research

phenomena concepts

person undertaking the study in quantitative research

researcher investigator

person undertaking the study qualitative research

researcher investigator

person contributing information in qualitative research

study participant informant key informant

Phases in a Quantitative Study (C-DEAD) 5 phases(18steps)

Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Phase 3: Empirical Phase Phase 4: Analytic Phase Phase 5: Dissemination Phase

Variables are almost exclusively used in_______

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

qualitative research purpose

Qualitative researchers may seek patterns of association as a way of illuminating the underlying meaning and dimensionality of phenomena of interest.

experimental research

Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment most often to address therapy questions. Called clinical trials in medical research

Nonexperimental research

Researchers collect data without intervening or introducing treatments. Called observational studies in medical research

3.Empirical phase of Quantitative study 13-14

Step 13: Collecting the data Step 14: Preparing data for analysis (e.g., coding the data)

4.analytic phase of quantitative study 15-16

Step 15: Analyzing the data (through statistical analysis) Step 16: Interpreting results

5. dissemenation phase

Step 17: Communicating the findings in a research report (e.g., in a journal article) Step 18: Putting the evidence into practice

1.conceptual phase Quantitative study 1-5

Step 1: Formulating/delimiting the problem Step 2: Reviewing related literature Step 3: Undertaking clinical fieldwork Step 4: Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions Step 5: Formulating hypotheses

2.Planning phase of Quantitative study 6-12

Step 6: Selecting a research design Step 7: Developing intervention protocols Step 8: Identifying the population Step 9: Designing the sampling plan Step 10: Specifying methods to measure variables and collect data Step 11: Developing methods to protect human/animal rights Step 12: Reviewing and finalizing the research plan

Process of conceptualizing and planning

Identifying the research problem Doing a literature review Selecting sites and gaining entrée Developing an overall approach Addressing ethical issues

operational

the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to measure the concept and collect the desired information

Data (singular = datum):

the pieces of information researchers collect in a study

independent variable

the presumed cause (of a dependent variable)

dependent variable(outcome variable or outcome)

the presumed effect (of an independent variable)

person contributing information in quantitative research

subject study participant

conceptual

the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied

cause-and-effect research

(causal) relationship (e.g., cigarette smoking and lung cancer)

Which action would be performed first when designing and planning a quantitative study? Developing intervention protocols Identifying the population Designing the sampling plan Formulating a research design

D.Formulating a research design Rationale: The first step in designing and planning a quantitative study is formulating a research design. This is followed by developing intervention protocols, identifying the population, and designing the sampling plan

Tell whether the following statement is True or False. Researchers involved in quantitative research commonly engage in fieldwork. True False

False Rationale: Researchers engage in fieldwork when performing qualitative studies.

Ethnographic research

Focuses on the patterns and lifeways of a cultural group

emergent design

a design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned

constructs

slightly more complex abstractions (e.g., self-care) For example, self-care in Orem's model of health maintenance is a construct.