Ch1

Robert Hooke

Also credited with discovery of microbes Described 'microscopical mushroom' (common bread mold) in 1665

Spontaneous Generation

Belief that life arises spontaneously from non-living material Took over 200 years and many experiments to refute

Malaria Tuberculosis

EIDs that have become more common

Louis Pasteur

French chemist demonstrated air is filled with microorganisms Filtered air through cotton plug Observed trapped microorganisms Many looked identical to those found in broths Plug in sterilized broth gave rise to microorganisms constructed swan-necked flasks Boiled infusions remained sterile despite opening to air Microorganisms from air settled in bends of flasks Ended arguments that unheated air or broths contained "vital force" necessary for spontaneous generation

endospores

Heat-resistant form of bacteria

normal microbiota

Human body carries enormous population of microorganisms called the Play essential role in human health

John Needham

In 1749, demonstrated boiled broths still produced microorganisms

Father Spallanzani

In 1776, contradicted Needham's results Boiled broths longer; sealed flasks by melting necks Broths remained sterile unless neck cracked

Irish potato famine in 1845-1849 English foot-and-mouth disease in 2001 Wheat Blast" in 2016

Infectious disease in non-human populations

Francesco Redi

Italian biologist and physician who demonstrated worms on rotting meat came from eggs of flies landing on meat (1668) Placed meat in two jars Covered one jar with gauze Gauze prevented flies from depositing eggs No eggs →no worms

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Made simple magnifying glass Studied lake water Observed 'animalcules' 1674

John Tyndall

Pasteur's results not fully reproducible English physicist explained conflicting data and showed Pasteur correct

Genetic engineering

Production of medications by certain microorganisms, such as insulin for treatment of diabetes Production of plants with desirable qualities

Human Microbiome Project

Started in 2007 DNA sequencing studies to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

National Microbiome Initiative (NMI)

Started in 2016 Expands scope of microbiome research Humans AND surrounding environment

Germ Theory of Disease

The principle that microorganisms cause diseases is called the

Biogenesis

describes the production of living things from other living things

Emerging infectious disease (EID)

disease that has become more common in last 35 years

microbes

includes acellular members of the microbial world

Microorganisms

organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Bioremediation

use of microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants

Ferdinand Cohn

1876, German botanist discovered endospores

Microbiome

Total genetic content of the microbial community The microbial community itself

Biotechnology

Use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems