Ch.1 BIO 271-01: Human Anatomy (UNCG)

Organism level

All body systems function interdependently in a single living human, the *organism*. pg6

Metabolism

All organisms carry out various chemical reactions. pg6

Organization

All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order. pg6

Responsiveness

All organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment. (ex. stimulus to the skin on the hand) pg6

Inferior

Closer to feet. pg12

Proximal

Closest point of attachment to trunk (Ex. the elbow is proximal to the hand). pg12

Nervous tissue

Conducts impulses for internal communication. pg6

Leonardo da Vinci

Considered one of the greatest anatomists of all time. pg3

Organs

Contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions. pg6

Regulation

Control and refulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment, a state called *homeostasis*. pg6

Growth and development

During their lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size (growth), and increased specialization as related to form and function (development). pg6

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be viewed by the unaided eye. pg3

Serous Fluid

Fluid secreted by the serous membrane within an serous cavity.(helps organs reduce friction and move smoothly against the body wall or other organs) pg15

Vertebral Canal

Formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord. pg14

Distal

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk (Ex. the wrist is distal to the elbow). pg12

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells with a common function. pg6

Surgical anatomy

Investigates the anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery. pg5

Parietal layer

Layer of the serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the body wall. pg14

Adaption

Over a period of time an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavioral trait to increase its expected long term reproductive success. (darkening of skin) pg6

Oblique planes

Planes that pass through the specimen at an angle. pg12

Cytology

Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy, the study of single body cells and their internal structures. pg4

Histology

Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy, the study of tissues. pg4

the Axial region is divided into two areas. The ______ and the _________.

The Posterior aspect and the Ventral cavity. pg14

Cells

The smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structure and function in organisms. pg5

Anatomy

The study of structure. pg3

Medial

Toward mid-line of the body, to the sternum. pg12

Thoracic cavity

a large cavity with many organs and smaller cavities in it : mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity

Reproduction

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair. pg6

Lateral

away from the mid-line of the body, away from the sternum. pg12

Superior

closer to head. pg12

Cellular level

consists of cells pg5

Organ system level

consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. pg6

epithelial tissue

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities. pg6

Visceral layer

covers the eternal surface of organs within the cavity. pg15

Transverse Plane

cuts perpendicularly along the axis of the body or organ. the body is separated into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. (does not have to be equal) pg11

Organ level

different tissues types combine to create an organ (Ex. small intestine, brain, lungs, etc.) pg6

Pathologic anatomy

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease. pg5

Midsagittal Plane

extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left half's. pg11

Cranial Cavity

formed by cranium, houses the brain. pg14

Embryology

gross anatomy approach concerned specifically with developmental changes occurring prior to birth. pg4

Surface anatomy

gross anatomy approach examining both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them. pg5

systemic anatomy

gross anatomy approach examining each system in the body. (ex. urinary system, skeletal, etc.) pg5 *class focus*

Developmental anatomy

gross anatomy approach examining the changes in structure within an individual from conception through maturity. pg4

Comparative anatomy

gross anatomy approach examining the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. pg4

regional anatomy

gross anatomy approach examining the structures in a particular region in the body as one complete unit. (ex. skin+tissue+fat+bones+etc.=Neck) pg5

Posterior

in back of, toward the back surface. pg12

Anterior

in front of, toward the front surface. pg12

Appendicular region

includes limbs, or appendages, attached to the body's Axis. pg13

Axial region

includes the head, neck, and trunk; forms the main vertical axis of the body. pg13

Anatomic position

individual stands upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor. the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at each side of the body with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body. pg11

Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

investigates the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible to the unaided eye; intestine, stomach, etc. pg4

serous cavity

layer between the Parietal and visceral layers that is actually a potential space. pg15

serous membranes

membranes that line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and are composed of two layers. pg14

Organelles

microscopic structures found within cells. pg5

Macromolecules

more complex molecules that may include proteins and DNA molecules. pg5

Tissues

precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions. pg6

muscle tissue

produces movement. pg6

connective tissue

protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs. pg6

Radiographic anatomy

relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific medical imaging procedures such as ultrasound, MRI, or X-ray. pg5

Atoms

smallest unit of matter. pg5

Ventral cavity

superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic cavity (in between in the *diaphragm* a muscular partition that develops.) pg14

Herophilus

the "Father of anatomy" he was the first to publicly dissect a human and compare it to an animal, he based his medical conclusions on dissection. (blood vessels carry blood). pg2

hippocrates

the "father of Medicine" he developed medical practices based on the observations and studies of the human body. pg2

Posterior aspect has two cavity's...

the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.(both are encased by bone) pg14

Chemical level

the simplest level involving organization of humans, involves atoms and molecules. pg5

Physiology

the study of the function of Body structures. pg3

Coronal Plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. (doesn't have to be equal) pg11

Molecule

when two or more atoms combine. pg5 (sugar, water, etc.)